Acrylamide Exposure and Cardiovascular Risk: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Acrylamide is a food contaminant formed during high-temperature cooking processes, leading to unintentional human exposure. Diet is the primary source for non-smokers, with potatoes, cereals, and coffee being the main contributors. While animal studies have demonstrated that acrylamide is neurotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and cardiotoxic, its effects on human cardiovascular health remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the association between acrylamide exposure and cardiovascular risk. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across four databases without restrictions on publication year or language (last search: 1 July 2024). The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Results: In total, 28 studies were included, predominantly from the US NHANES sample and with cross-sectional designs. Higher acrylamide exposure was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality but was inversely associated with glucose and lipid levels, as well as key cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Conversely, glycidamide-acrylamide's most reactive metabolite-was positively associated with elevated glucose and lipid levels, higher systolic blood pressure, and increased obesity prevalence. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the adverse cardiovascular effects of acrylamide may be mediated by its conversion to glycidamide. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the impact of acrylamide on cardiovascular health. Meanwhile, public health efforts should continue to focus on mitigation strategies within the food industry and raising public awareness about exposure.

Keywords: acrylamide; cardiovascular; diabetes; lipids; morality; obesity.

Figure 1

Literature search and study selection.

Figure 2

Hazard ratios and odds ratios for the association between glycidamide exposure and cardiovascular risk factors [20,23,25,32,40,43]. AO: abdominal obesity; CI: confidence interval; CVD: cardiovascular disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; IHD: ischemic heart disease; HR: hazard ratio; HTN: hypertension; MetS: metabolic syndrome; OR: odds ratio.

Figure 3

Linear regression coefficients for the association between glycidamide and cardiovascular risk factors [31,40,43]. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; CI: confidence interval; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.