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Review
. 2024 Nov 22;16(12):1504.
doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16121504.

Hydroxytyrosol: A Promising Therapeutic Agent for Mitigating Inflammation and Apoptosis

Wafa Ali Batarfi  1   2 , Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus  1 , Adila A Hamid  1 , Yi Ting Lee  1 , Manira Maarof  3
Affiliations
Review

Hydroxytyrosol: A Promising Therapeutic Agent for Mitigating Inflammation and Apoptosis

Wafa Ali Batarfi et al. Pharmaceutics. .

Abstract

Inflammation and apoptosis are interrelated biological processes that have a significant impact on the advancement and growth of certain chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular problems, neurological conditions, and osteoarthritis. Recent research has emphasized that focusing on these mechanisms could result in novel therapeutic approaches that aim to decrease the severity of diseases and enhance patient outcomes. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), which is well-known for its ability to prevent oxidation, has been identified as a possible candidate for regulating both inflammation and apoptosis. In this review, we will highlight the multifaceted benefits of HT as a therapeutic agent in mitigating inflammation, apoptosis, and associated conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest in vitro and in vivo research on the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of HT and the mechanisms by which it works. Based on these studies, it is strongly advised to use HT as a bioactive ingredient in pharmaceutical products intended for mitigating inflammation, as well as those with apoptosis applications.

Keywords: apoptosis; hydroxytyrosol; inflammation; natural products.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Natural sources, chemical structure, and health benefits of HT. Created with BioRender.com. (https://www.biorender.com) (accessed on 26 August 2024).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Bioavailability of HT inside the human body. Created with BioRender.com. https://app.biorender.com (accessed on 2 October 2024).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Anti-inflammatory effect of HT on NF-kB signaling pathway. Created with BioRender.com. https://app.biorender.com (accessed on 28 August 2024).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Created with BioRender.com. (https://app.biorender.com (accessed on 28 August 2024).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Antiapoptotic effect of HT on the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Created with BioRender.com. https://app.biorender.com (accessed on 30 August 2024).
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