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. 2024 Dec 5;16(12):1560.
doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16121560.

Nanoencapsulation of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam) DC-Essential Oil and Controlled Release: Experiments and Modeling

Caroline G F da Silva  1 , Rafaela R Petró  1 , Jéssica H de Castro  1 , Rafael N Almeida  1 , Eduardo Cassel  1 , Rubem M F Vargas  1
Affiliations

Nanoencapsulation of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam) DC-Essential Oil and Controlled Release: Experiments and Modeling

Caroline G F da Silva et al. Pharmaceutics. .

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Degradation by physical and chemical agents affects the properties of essential oils; therefore, this study aimed to protect the volatile compounds present in essential oils through biopolymer encapsulation. Methods: The Achyrocline satureioides (Lam) DC. essential oil was obtained by steam distillation at 2.5 bar. The nano-sized physical coating of the active oil core resulted in an optimal polymer/oil ratio of 1:3 and particle diameter of 178 nm. The particle morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The inclusion of the essential oil in the polymer was confirmed using thermogravimetric analysis. Results: The pH of the formulation remained stable for 90 days, and controlled release and encapsulation efficiencies were evaluated. Formulations were evaluated using the perfumery radar technique, which indicated a predominantly woody profile. The diffusion of fragrant compounds in the air was assessed over time and mathematically modeled. Conclusions: The produced nanostructures were efficient for the controlled release of volatile compounds from the essential oil of Achyrocline satureioides.

Keywords: air diffusion; nanocapsules; nanoemulsion; perfumery radar; polycaprolactone.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Particle morphology obtained by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Particle morphology obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with an approximation of 100 nm (left) and 1 µm (right).
Figure 3
Figure 3
TGA curves for the A. satureioides essential oil nanocapsules (– – –), A. satureioides essential oil (—) and PCL particles (····).
Figure 4
Figure 4
pH monitoring of nanocapsules (-◊-), nanoemulsions (-x-), and PCL particles (-○-).
Figure 5
Figure 5
DPPH radical scavenging assay with the A. satureioides oil nanocapsule formulation (crosshatch), nanoemulsion (black), and free essential oil (white).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Experimental perfumery radars obtained from the headspace of nanoformulations containing A. satureioides essential oil and pure essential oil.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Comparison of the headspace composition in area percentage for the two formulations and the pure essential oil of A. satureioides collected at the first sampling port 130 mm (SP1).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Comparison of the headspace composition of pure A. satureioides essential oil (EM3) in the SP2 (250 mm) and SP4 (1500 mm) ports.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Comparison of the headspace composition of nanoparticles containing A. satureioides essential oil (M3) in the SP2 (250 mm) and SP4 (1500 mm) ports.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Peppas analytical model fitted to the experimental release data of α-pinene from nanocapsules (—), nanoemulsions (– – –), and pure essential oil (····).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Headspace concentration profile for α-pinene in nanoemulsions and nanoparticles containing A. satureioides oil and pure oil in SP1.
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