Advancements in Nanoparticle-Based Adjuvants for Enhanced Tuberculosis Vaccination: A Review

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating the development of more effective vaccines. Nanoparticle-based adjuvants represent a promising approach to enhancing tuberculosis vaccine efficacy. This review focuses on the advantages of nanoparticulate-loaded vaccines, emphasizing their ability to improve antigen delivery, safety, and immunogenicity. We discuss the various types of nanoparticles and their unique physicochemical properties that contribute to improved antigen delivery and sustained immune activation. Additionally, we highlight the advantages of nanoparticle-based adjuvants in inducing strong cellular and humoral immunity, enhancing vaccine stability, and reducing adverse effects. Finally, we address current challenges and future perspectives in the application of these novel adjuvants, emphasizing their potential to transform TB vaccine strategies and ultimately contribute to better global health outcomes.

Keywords: adjuvants; nanoparticles; tuberculosis; vaccines.

Figure 1

Average size range of different nanoadjuvants: lipid-based nanoparticles (50–500 nm); polymer-based nanoparticles (50–500 nm); inorganic nanoparticles (<200 nm); hybrid nanoparticles (50–500 nm).

Figure 2

Schematic representation of nanocarriers. Different approaches can be utilized for the incorporation of targeting molecules (e.g., antigen, adjuvants, ligands, etc.) into/onto liposomes.

Figure 3

Characteristics of vaccine delivery systems with different nanocarriers in TB vaccines. A: target antigen to specific cells/organs. B: protect the antigen from degradation. C: slow release of antigen. D: enhance antigen uptake/presentation. E: dampen PAMP systemic toxicity. F: direct stimulatory effect of the APC or adjacent cells.

Figure 4

Different nanoparticle-based TB vaccine delivery systems function by activating cellular and humoral immunity to varying degrees.