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Review
. 2024 Dec 16;12(12):1415.
doi: 10.3390/vaccines12121415.

Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Programs in the Americas: A Platform for Sustainable Life-Course Immunization and Its Role for Pandemic Preparedness and Response

Francisco Nogareda  1 , Margherita Ghiselli  1 , Martha Velandia-González  1 , Bremen de Mucio  2 , Jorge Jara  1 , Paula Couto  3 , Angel Rodriguez  3 , Marc Rondy  3 , Andrea Vicari  3 , Murat Hakan Ozturk  4 , Shoshanna Goldin  5 , Alba Vilajeliu  6 , Eva Leidman  7 , Jaymin Patel  8 , Julie Carlton  8 , Ashley L Fowlkes  9 , Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner  9 , Daniel Salas Peraza  1 , Alba Maria Ropero  10
Affiliations
Review

Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Programs in the Americas: A Platform for Sustainable Life-Course Immunization and Its Role for Pandemic Preparedness and Response

Francisco Nogareda et al. Vaccines (Basel). .

Abstract

Background: Vaccination is one of the most effective measures to prevent influenza illness and its complications. Since the 1980s, countries and territories in the Americas have progressively implemented influenza vaccination operations in high-risk priority groups-such as older adults, pregnant persons, persons with comorbidities and health workers. Methods: In this review, we present the history and progress of the seasonal influenza program in the Americas, how the program contributed to the efficient and timely roll-out of the COVID-19 vaccines during the pandemic, and how the program can be used to promote immunization operations across the life span for existing and future vaccines. Results: The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic in 2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2023 underscored the importance of having a robust seasonal influenza vaccination program for pandemic preparedness and response. Overall, countries with existing seasonal influenza vaccination programs were better prepared and rolled out the delivery of COVID-19 vaccines more quickly and effectively compared to other countries where the influenza vaccination platform was weak or non-existent. Conclusions: Traditionally, national immunization programs of developing countries have been predominately focused on newborns, children younger than five years and school-aged children while often limiting their investment in effective adult vaccination programs; these programs are typically isolated to high-income countries. Countries in Latin America have been the exception, with strong influenza vaccination programs for adults regardless of national income level. The presence of functional and effective adult influenza vaccination programs can also facilitate the acceptance and uptake of other adult vaccines targeting priority groups at higher risk for severe illness or complications.

Keywords: COVID-19; immunization; influenza; life-course immunization; maternal vaccination; outbreaks; pandemic preparedness and response; respiratory syncytial virus; vaccination week in the Americas; vaccines.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cumulative number of countries with seasonal influenza vaccination by year, Region of the Americas, 1980–2023. Source: eJRF.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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