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Review
. 2025 Mar;67(3):786-800.
doi: 10.1111/jipb.13821. Epub 2025 Jan 7.

NLR-mediated antiviral immunity in plants

Min Zhu  1 , Mingfeng Feng  1 , Xiaorong Tao  1
Affiliations
Review

NLR-mediated antiviral immunity in plants

Min Zhu et al. J Integr Plant Biol. 2025 Mar.

Abstract

Plant viruses cause substantial agricultural devastation and economic losses worldwide. Plant nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) play a pivotal role in detecting viral infection and activating robust immune responses. Recent advances, including the elucidation of the interaction mechanisms between NLRs and pathogen effectors, the discovery of helper NLRs, and the resolution of the ZAR1 resistosome structure, have significantly deepened our understanding of NLR-mediated immune responses, marking a new era in NLR research. In this scenario, significant progress has been made in the study of NLR-mediated antiviral immunity. This review comprehensively summarizes the progress made in plant antiviral NLR research over the past decades, with a focus on NLR recognition of viral pathogen effectors, NLR activation and regulation, downstream immune signaling, and the engineering of NLRs.

Keywords: NLR recognition; downstream immune signaling; nucleotide‐binding domain leucine‐rich repeat receptors (NLRs); plant virus; viral effectors.

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