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. 2025 Jan 8;15(1):1280.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84973-1.

Enhancing water quality and well-being of Penaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in Inland saline systems using mixed biochar amendments

Newmei Tachangliu  1 , Vidya S Bharti  2 , Chalungal T Amal  1 , Tao Kara  1 , Saurav Kumar  1 , Pankaj Kumar  1 , A K Verma  1 , Arun Konduri  1 , Swaraj Adakney  1 , Shamika Sawant  1
Affiliations

Enhancing water quality and well-being of Penaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in Inland saline systems using mixed biochar amendments

Newmei Tachangliu et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

An experiment was conducted for 60 days in a 500L capacity FRP tank containing inland ground saline water (fortified to a level of 50% potassium) with one control (sediment) and three treatments; T1(Paddy Straw Biochar (PSB) in sediment), T2 (Banana Peduncle Biochar (BPB) in sediment), and T3 (PSB + BPB in sediment). Biochar (100 g) was amended with sediment (25 kg) at 9 tons/ha. Shrimps of average weight 5 ± 0.03 g were stocked at 60 juveniles/m3 and were fed at satiation levels using commercially available feed. Compared to control, in biochar contained treatments the ammonia levels were reduced, the pH, alkalinity, calcium-magnesium ratio, and potassium in water, were increased significantly. Growth metrics reveal a significant increase in final body weight, weight gain percentage, PER, HPSI, SGR, and reduced FCR (within 1-1.26) in biochar-treated groups with the highest survivability (92%) was observed in T3, which is mixed biochar amended sediment. At the end of the experiment, shrimp organs (hepatopancreas, gills, and muscles) and serum were sampled for tissue enzymes and serum profiles, respectively. The mean levels of lipase, amylase and protease varied significantly, and in biochar treated groups significant reduction in the activities of oxidative stress enzymes (SOD and CAT in Hepatopancreas) were recorded in comparison to control. For the serum, higher hemocyanin (0.33 ± 0.01mMolL-1) was observed in mixed biochar amended treatment (T3) and the least in control. In addition, the glucose level in the serum was significantly dropped in biochar-amended groups indicating reduced stress levels, while it increased in control. T3 was found to be the best, among all, in improving growth performance and maintaining the water quality. Even though biochar-amended treatments demonstrated positive outcomes regarding inland saline water quality, growth metrics, and well-being of the P. vannamei compared to control, a deeper analysis is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms determining these beneficial effects of biochar.

Keywords: Penaeus vannamei; Biochar; Growth; Inland saline water; Sediment; Water Quality.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics statement: The study was conducted in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines. The animals used in this study were handled in line with the norms established by the CPCSEA (Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals), Ministry of Environment and Forests (Animal Welfare Division), Government of India for the care and use of animals in scientific research. Permissions: Permissions were taken, while collecting the raw paddy straw from the farmers and banana peduncle waste from shopkeepers for conducting this study.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of Paddy Straw Biochar (PSB).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of Banana Peduncle Biochar (BPB).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of mixed biochar (PSB + BPB).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Physicochemical parameters of the water (A) Ammonium-N (mg L-1), (B) Total Alkalinity (mg L-1), (C) pH, (D) Potassium (mg L-1), (E) Calcium (mg L-1 ), (F) Magnesium (mg L-1), (G) Ca:Mg ratio. Control: no biochar; T1, indicates Paddy Straw Biochar (PSB) application in sediment; T2, Banana Peduncle Biochar (BPB) application in sediment and T3, sediment amended with mixed biochar (paddy straw biochar + banana peduncle biochar).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Digestive enzymes activity in P. vannamei (A) Protease (103 U/mg protein), (B) Amylase (1U/mg protein), (C) Lipase (1.674 U/mg protein). Control: no biochar; T1, indicates Paddy Straw Biochar (PSB) application in sediment; T2, Banana Peduncle Biochar (BPB) application in sediment and T3, sediment amended with mixed biochar (paddy straw biochar + banana peduncle biochar).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Protein metabolic enzymes activity and Oxidative stress enzymes activity in P. vannamei (A) AST (Hepatopancreas) (1.00–03 U/mg protein), (B) ALT (1.00–03 U/mg protein), (C) SOD (103 U/mg protein), (D) Catlase (1.00–03 U/mg protein). Control: no biochar; T1, indicates Paddy Straw Biochar (PSB) application in sediment; T2, Banana Peduncle Biochar (BPB) application in sediment and T3, sediment amended with mixed biochar (paddy straw biochar + banana peduncle biochar).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Hemolymph parameters of P. vannamei (A) Hemocyanin (mMol/L), (B) Glucose (mg/dl). Control: no biochar; T1, indicates Paddy Straw Biochar (PSB) application in sediment; T2, Banana Peduncle Biochar (BPB) application in sediment and T3, sediment amended with mixed biochar (paddy straw biochar + banana peduncle biochar).
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