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. 2025 Jan 8;19(1):8.
doi: 10.1186/s13065-024-01378-x.

Novel ecofriendly spectrophotometric methods for the determination of six dihydropyridines calcium channel blockers through derivatization with sulfophtalein dye: application to tablet analysis

Mariana Horyn  1 , Liubomyr Kryskiw  1 , Tetyana Kucher  1 , Nadiya Zarivna  1 , Olha Poliak  1 , Liliya Logoyda  2
Affiliations

Novel ecofriendly spectrophotometric methods for the determination of six dihydropyridines calcium channel blockers through derivatization with sulfophtalein dye: application to tablet analysis

Mariana Horyn et al. BMC Chem. .

Abstract

Novel, «green» and simple visible spectrophotometric procedures for the determination of six dihydropyridines CCBs (amlodipine besylate (AML), lacidipine (LAC), levamlodipine besylate (LAML), nifedipine (NIF), nimodipine (NIM) and nitrendipine (NIT)) through derivatization with the sulfophthalein dye bromophenol blue (BPB) have been developed. The optimal parameters for CCBs spectrophotometric analysis via complex formation using BPB were as follows: detection wavelength-596 nm, reaction time-5 min, ratio of reacting components-1:1, operating temperature-25 ± 2 °C. The concentration was linearly proportional to absorbance values in the range of 3.40-17.00 μg/mL (AML), 1.14-9.11 μg/mL (LAC), 1.14-9.08 μg/mL (LAML), 4.16-12.40 μg/mL (NIF), 0.84-5.86 μg/mL (NIM), 6.52-19.60 μg/mL (NIT). The developed methods are colorimetric and therefore does not require a UV instrument to quantify these drugs. The proposed approach was more efficient in terms of time reliability, sensitivity and «greenness» than other recorded spectrophotometric methods and can be easily implemented for routine pharmaceutical analysis.

Keywords: Assay; Bromophenol blue; Calcium channel blockers; Spectrophotometry; Validation.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Ethical Guidelines: Guidelines according to BMC journal. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Chemical structure of the discussed dihydropyridine CCBs. Amlodipine (AML), Lacidipine (LAC), Levamlodipine (LAML), Nifedipine (NIF), Nimodipine (NIM), Nitrendipine (NIT)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Absorbance spectra of AML, BPB and AML—BPB complex vs. appropriate solvent (c(BPB) = 6.00 × 10–5 M, c(AML) = 1.80 × 10–5 M)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Absorbance spectra of LAC, BPB and LAC—BPB complex vs. appropriate solvent (c(BPB) = 3.00 × 10–5 M, c(LAC) = 1.00 × 10–5 M)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Absorbance spectra of LAML, BPB and LAML—BPB complex vs. appropriate solvent (c(BPB) = 3.00 × 10–5 M, c(LAML) = 1.40 × 10–5 M)
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Absorbance spectra of NIF, BPB and NIF—BPB complex vs. appropriate solvent (c(BPB) = 6.00 × 10–5 M, c(NIF) = 2.40 × 10.5 M)
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Absorbance spectra of NIM, BPB and NIM—BPB complex vs. appropriate solvent (c(BPB) = 3.00 × 10–5 M, c(NIM) = 1.00 × 10–5 M)
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Absorbance spectra of NIT, BPB and NIT—BPB complex vs. appropriate solvent (c(BPB) = 9.02 × 10–5 M, c(NIT) = 3.64 × 10–5 M)
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Effects of solvents on CCBs drugs—BPB complex formation (AML (c(BPB) = 6.00 × 10–5 M, c(AML) = 1.80 × 10–5 M), LAC (c(BPB) = 5.00 × 10–5 M, c(LAC) = 2.50 × 10–5 M), LAML (c(BPB) = 2.00 × 10–5 M, c(LAML) = 2.00 × 10–6 M), NIF (c(BPB) = 6.00 × 10–5 M, c(NIF) = 2.40 × 10–5 M), NIM (c(BPB) = 3.00 × 10–5 M, c(NIM) = 2.00 × 10–6 M), NIT (c(BPB) = 3.64 × 10–5 M, c(NIT) = 9.02 × 10–5 M)
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Stability of some CCBs drugs complexes with BPB in time (AML (c(BPB) = 6.00 × 10–5 M, c(AML) = 2.40 × 10–5 M), LAC (c(BPB) = 3.00 × 10–5 M, c(LAC) = 1.00 × 10–5 M), LAML (c(BPB) = 3.00 × 10–5 M, c(LAML) = 1.40 × 10–5 M), NIF (c(BPB) = 6.00 × 10–5 M, c(NIF) = 6.00 × 10–5 M), NIM (c(BPB) = 3.00 × 10–5 M, c(NIM) = 1.00 × 10–6 M), NIT (c(BPB) = 9.02 × 10–5 M, c(NIT) = 4.55 × 10–5 M)
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Study of stoichiometric coefficients by the reaction of selected CCBs with BPB at λmax = 596 nm, using Job’s method of continuous variations (AML (c(BPB) = 6.00 × 10–4 M, c(AML) = 6.00 × 10–4 M), LAC (c(BPB) = 5.00 × 10–4 M, c(LAC) = 5.00 × 10–4 M, C% MeOH = 8%), LAML (c(BPB) = 1.00 × 10–4 M, c(LAML) = 1.00 × 10–4 M), NIF (c(BPB) = 6.00 × 10–4 M, c(NIF) = 6.00 × 10–4 M), NIM (c(BPB) = 5.00 × 10–4 M, c(NIM) = 5.00 × 10–4 M), NIT (c(BPB) = 9.02 × 10–4 M, c(NIT) = 9.10 × 10–4 M)
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Study of stoichiometric coefficients by the reaction of selected CCBs with BP B at λmax = 596 nm, using molar ratio method: (a)—AML (c(BPB) = 6.00 × 10–4 M, c(AML) = 6.00 × 10–4 M); (b)—LAC (c(BPB) = 5.00 × 10–4 M, c(LAC) = 5.00 × 10–4 M, C% MeOH = 8%); (c)—LAML (c(BPB) = 1.00 × 10–4 M, c(LAML) = 1.00 × 10–4 M); (d)—NIF (c(BPB) = 6.00 × 10–4 M, c(NIF) = 6.00 × 10–4 M); (e)—NIM (c(BPB) = 5.00 × 10–4 M, c(NIM) = 5.00 × 10–4 M); (f)—NIT (c(BPB) = 9.02 × 10–4 M, c(NIT) = 9.10 × 10–4 M)
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
AGREE assessment scores for the proposed methods used for the determination of AML (a), NIT (b), NIF (c), LAML (d), NIM (e), LAC (f)
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
MOGAPI assessment scores for the proposed methods used for the determination of AML (a), NIT (b), NIF (c), LAML (d), NIM (e), LAC (f)
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