A study of the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of the 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants warfarin, difenacoum and brodifacoum in the rabbit

Abstract

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants, brodifacoum, difenacoum, and warfarin have been studied in the rabbit. Sensitive (50 ng ml-1) and specific high performance liquid chromatography assays have been developed for the determination of plasma concentrations of warfarin, brodifacoum and difenacoum. After administration of a single intravenous dose (20 mumol kg-1), plasma concentrations of warfarin underwent mono-exponential decay, with a terminal half-life of 5.6 +/- 0.7 h (mean +/- s.e. mean), whereas plasma concentrations of brodifacoum and difenacoum underwent bi-exponential decay with terminal half-lives of 60.8 +/- 1.9 h and 83.1 +/- 10.3 h respectively. The plasma half-life of brodifacoum in a single patient poisoned with the compound was 487 h. The pharmacological response to the anticoagulants was measured as changes in prothrombin complex activity, from which the rate of clotting factor synthesis was determined. Clotting factor synthesis recovered in a monophasic fashion after a single intravenous dose of warfarin, compared with a more complex biphasic, pattern of recovery of clotting factor synthesis after administration of either brodifacoum or difenacoum. The slope (m) of the intensity of effect-log (amount of drug in the body) curve was derived for each anticoagulant. There was no significant difference in the value of m after single intravenous doses of racemic, R-, and S-warfarin, difenacoum and brodifacoum, which is consistent with the hypothesis that all the 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants produce their anticoagulant effect by acting at the same receptor site, vitamin K epoxide reductase. Determination of the minimum plasma concentration of each anticoagulant that corresponded with the complete inhibition of clotting factor synthesis indicated that racemic warfarin, R-warfarin and brodifacoum have similar potencies in the rabbit and are less potent than S-warfarin and difenacoum.