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. 2025 Dec;21(1):2442508.
doi: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2442508. Epub 2025 Jan 9.

Visual analysis of the research frontiers, hotspots and development trends of immunization programs for women and children

Jiachen Zhang  1   2 , Yani Zhang  3 , Litao Zhang  4 , Jiaxing Wang  2 , Xinheng Qu  5 , Mu Li  6 , Ruochen Zhang  7 , Bo Zhang  8 , Yuqing Zhang  9 , Jianping Zhou  1   3
Affiliations

Visual analysis of the research frontiers, hotspots and development trends of immunization programs for women and children

Jiachen Zhang et al. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2025 Dec.

Abstract

The objective of this study is to gain insight into the current research frontiers, hotspots, and development trends in the field of immunization programs for women and children, and to provide scientific guidance and reference for follow-up research. Based on all the original research papers related to the research on immunization programs for women and children in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database, bibliometric studies and visual analysis were carried out to explore the research frontiers, hotspots and development trends, and to analyze the risk factors affecting the vaccination coverage of immunization programs for women and children. Eight hundred forty-three papers obtained from 1,552 institutions in 96 countries/regions from January 1950 to August 2024, coauthored by 4,343 authors. With the largest number of papers published in the United States (408), Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA (169), Stokley S (15), and Pediatrics (143). The research frontiers of this discipline area mainly involve risk factors affecting the vaccination coverage of immunization programs for women and children, epidemiological surveillance, intervention research, changes in medical burden, adverse reactions, and vaccine development. Research hotspots mainly include measles, vaccine hesitancy, human papillomavirus, coverage, and pregnant women. The findings of the study informed policymakers, public health experts and researchers about the potential for modifying and improving policy systems and interventions related to the immunization programs for women and children. This had important implications for digital transformation and innovative research in health care providers' clinical practice for the immunization programs for women and children.

Keywords: CiteSpace; Immunization programs; VOSviewer; child; vaccination coverage; vaccinations; vaccine; woman.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Search strategy and detailed flowchart of relevant literature in the subject area of immunization planning.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
January 1990 to August 2024, distribution characteristics of the number of papers and co-citation frequency in the subject area of women’s and children’s immunization programs (drawn by Origin2021).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
(Continued).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
January 1950 to August 2024, chord diagram of source countries/regions in the field of immunization programs for women and children (a), scientific co-authors hip maps of institutions (b) and authors (c), and the scientific knowledge map of co-cited authors (d).
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
January 1950 to August 2024, co-cited references cluster mapping (a) and timeline view (b) in the subject area of immunization programs for women and children.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
High-frequency co-occurring keywords’ temporal alluvial diagram high-frequency co-occurrence keyword time-series change alluvial map (a), trend map (b) and time series map (c) of hotspots, and emergent map of co-occurrence keywords (d) in the field of immunization programs for women and children.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
(Continued).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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