Avoidable factors associated with maternal death from postpartum haemorrhage: a national Malawian surveillance study

Abstract

Background: Despite strong evidence-based strategies for prevention and management, global efforts to reduce deaths from postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) have failed, and it remains the leading cause of maternal mortality. We conducted a detailed review of all maternal deaths from 33 facilities in Malawi to identify health system weaknesses leading to deaths from PPH.

Methods: Data were collected regarding every maternal death occurring across all district and central hospitals in Malawi. Deaths occurring from August 2020 to December 2022 were reviewed by multidisciplinary facility-based teams who compiled case narratives from clinical notes and then subsequently reviewed by obstetricians to confirm the cause of death according to international criteria. Data were summarised using proportions/frequencies, comparisons made using χ² or Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and logistic regression conducted to calculate ORs with CIs.

Results: PPH was the cause of 20.4% of maternal deaths. Most deaths from PPH occurred within 24 hours of birth (80.0%), among women who had been referred to a higher-level facility (57.0%) and were admitted in stable condition (60.0%). Vacuum births carried an increased risk of death from PPH (OR 4.25 (95% CI 1.15 to 20.13, p=0.039)). Detailed reviews identified that deaths from PPH were more likely to be associated with factors such as 'lack of obstetric lifesaving skills' (26.7% vs 10.1%, p<0.001), 'inadequate monitoring' (51.5% vs 40.7%, p=0.012) and 'communication problems between facilities' (11.5% vs 6.2%, p=0.019) than deaths from other causes.

Conclusions: Our analysis represents the largest published review of maternal deaths from PPH. We demonstrate that key health system weaknesses are contributing to these preventable maternal deaths. Case reviews conducted by multidisciplinary facility-based teams identified common and recurrent avoidable factors associated with deaths from PPH. Global efforts must now be focused on strategies that address these weaknesses, strengthening health systems and empowering healthcare workers to reduce maternal deaths from PPH.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Global Health; Health systems; Maternal health; Obstetrics.

Figure 1. Avoidable health system factors associated with deaths from postpartum haemorrhage. TBA, traditional birth attendant.

Figure 2. Network plot of frequently associated avoidable health system factors related to maternal deaths from postpartum haemorrhage. The size of each node shows number of cases in which each factor was presented and the thickness of lines between nodes shows the frequency of each pairing.

Figure 3. Case narratives demonstrating avoidable health system factors linked to deaths from postpartum haemorrhage in a resource-constrained setting. BP, blood pressure; CS, caesarean section; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation.