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. 2025 May;120(5):997-1006.
doi: 10.1111/add.16752. Epub 2025 Jan 10.

A cross-sectional study of differences in medication for opioid use disorder receipt among pregnant people enrolled in Medicaid in Oregon, United States

Camille C Cioffi  1   2 , Ann Martinez Acevedo  3 , Deborah J Cohen  4 , Menolly R Kaufman  3 , Kea Parker  4 , Mishka Terplan  5 , Stephan R Lindner  3   6
Affiliations

A cross-sectional study of differences in medication for opioid use disorder receipt among pregnant people enrolled in Medicaid in Oregon, United States

Camille C Cioffi et al. Addiction. 2025 May.

Abstract

Background and aims: Medication is the gold standard to support a healthy pregnancy for pregnant people with opioid use disorder (OUD). This study measured inequities and differences in OUD medication treatment among pregnant people in Oregon, USA.

Design, setting, participants and measurements: Our study population consisted of Medicaid enrollees across the US state of Oregon who had at least one live hospital birth between 2012 and 2020 and one diagnosis of OUD prenatally (n = 4363). We measured differences in demographic characteristics (age, race, ethnicity, location) among those with and without medication for OUD in the prenatal through 3-months postpartum period (any medication use, and by type), and compared exclusive methadone versus buprenorphine receipt. We report unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios.

Findings: Adjusted odds ratios for medication for OUD were lower among American Indian/Alaska Native pregnant people compared with White pregnant people [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.42, 0.83)], younger pregnant people compared with those aged 30-34 years [aOR, ages 15-19: 0.1 (95 CI = 0.06, 0.18); aOR, ages 20-24: 0.58 (95 CI = 0.49, 0.69)] and rural pregnant people compared with those in urban communities [aOR 0.58 (95 CI = 0.5-0.67)]. Rural pregnant people with OUD also had lower odds of methadone receipt [aOR 0.23 (95 CI = 0.17, 0.3)] and higher odds of buprenorphine receipt [aOR 3.99 (95 CI = 2.97, 5.35)] than other people in this study. Among those who received medication, Black pregnant people had increased odds of receiving methadone compared with buprenorphine [aOR 2.09 (95 CI = 1.1-3.97)].

Conclusions: In Oregon, USA, inequities in receipt of any medication for opioid use disorder were observed among pregnant people who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native, younger than 25, and living in rural communities. Black pregnant people in Oregon, USA, were more likely to receive methadone than buprenorphine.

Keywords: MOUD; buprenorphine; disparities; medication for opioid use disorder; methadone; pregnancy.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests: None to declare.

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