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. 2024 Dec 27;17(1):50.
doi: 10.3390/nu17010050.

The Impact of Hypomagnesemia on the Long-Term Evolution After Kidney Transplantation

Ioana Adela Ratiu  1   2 , Corina Moisa  1 , Luciana Marc  3   4 , Nicu Olariu  3   4 , Cristian Adrian Ratiu  1 , Gabriel Cristian Bako  1   2 , Anamaria Ratiu  5 , Simona Fratila  1   6 , Alin Cristian Teusdea  7 , Mariana Ganea  1 , Mirela Indries  1 , Lorena Filip  8   9
Affiliations

The Impact of Hypomagnesemia on the Long-Term Evolution After Kidney Transplantation

Ioana Adela Ratiu et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Background/objectives: Magnesium plays a crucial role in immune function, influencing immunoglobulin synthesis, antibody-dependent cytolysis, and other immune processes. In renal transplant patients, magnesium deficiency is primarily induced by calcineurin inhibitor treatment, through the reduction of magnesium transporter proteins in the renal tubules, leading to magnesium loss.

Methods: To assess the correlation between serum magnesium levels and the long-term outcomes of renal graft and transplant recipients, we conducted a retrospective study on 87 patients who have had a transplant for more than 5 years, a period considered immunologically stable. We evaluated laboratory parameters such as glycemia, creatinine, total protein, and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as demographic data, primary kidney disease, donor type, comorbidities, and infection incidence.

Results: This study revealed clinical stability at over 5 years post-transplantation, with no significant differences between the 5-15 and over-15-years groups with regard to major comorbidities, except for HCV infection (p = 0.018). Reduced magnesium levels were associated with impaired renal function (p = 0.017) and inflammatory syndrome (p = 0.012). Viral infections were correlated with living donor grafts (p = 0.05), hypoproteinemia, and decreased eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate), while bacterial infections, namely urinary tract infections (UTIs), were linked to reduced eGFR (p = 0.05, p = 0.046). Female patients with hypomagnesemia had a higher incidence of recurrent UTIs (p = 0.03).

Conclusions: Hypomagnesemia correlates with increased infection risk in patients who received a renal transplant more than 5 years ago but does not significantly impact glycemic control or cardiovascular health.

Keywords: immunosuppression; infections; kidney transplantation; magnesium.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Etiology of Hypomagnesemia after a Kidney Transplant (↓ Mg-low level Mg).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The Impact of Hypomagnesemia after Kidney Transplantation (Legend: NODAT—new onset of diabetes mellitus after transplantation; NFKB—Nuclear factor-κB, ↑ high lewel, ↓ low level).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Relationship between the COVID-19 infection percentage and Mg levels.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Relationship between non-COVID-19 respiratory tract infection percentages and Mg levels.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Relationship between HPV infection percentage and Mg level.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Relationship between Herpes virus infection percentage and Mg level.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Relationship between CMV infection percentage and Mg level.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Magnesium supplementation products.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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