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. 2025 Jan 3;17(1):183.
doi: 10.3390/nu17010183.

Dietary Disruptors in Romania: Seasonality, Traditions, and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Adrian Pană  1 , Ștefan Strilciuc  2   3 , Bogdan-Vasile Ileanu  1   4
Affiliations

Dietary Disruptors in Romania: Seasonality, Traditions, and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Adrian Pană et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Background: The global rise in obesity has been significantly influenced by shifts in dietary habits that have been exacerbated by external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze the trends in Romanian dietary habits from 2015 to 2023, focusing on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of socio-economic factors, seasonality, and cultural practices.

Methods: For dietary habits, we used nationally representative data from the Romanian Household Budget Survey provided by the Romanian National Institute of Statistics. The survey includes 30,000 households annually. From the same provider, we downloaded data about potential drivers of food consumption, such as income, the consumer price index, and the unemployment rate. The analysis mixes descriptive statistics and panel data analysis. Among the main drivers, the econometric models include seasonality and regional factors, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the changes in dietary behavior.

Results: During the COVID-19 pandemic, daily calorie consumption increased to over 3000 calories per person, representing a 20% increase compared to the pre-pandemic period. Post-pandemic, food consumption remains elevated, averaging 2500-2600 calories per person daily. The pandemic also led to a shift in dietary composition, with significant changes. Thus, we mark an increase in fat (p < 0.001) and carbohydrate intake (p < 0.01) and a decrease in protein intake (p < 0.001). Beyond the presence of health disruptors, we confirm the significant impact of income (p < 0.001) and seasonality (p < 0.001). Other factors like unemployment, the consumer price index, and hidden regional factors have a minor role.

Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a lasting impact on Romanian dietary habits, reinforcing unhealthy eating patterns that were already prevalent. The sustained increase in calorie consumption, particularly of nutrient-poor, energy-dense foods, poses a significant public health challenge. The study also highlights significant seasonal variations, with a marked increase in food intake during the last quarter of the year, driven by cultural and religious traditions. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions and policies that address economic factors and cultural and regional influences to promote healthier dietary behaviors in Romania.

Keywords: COVID-19; Romania; dietary habits; energy intake; food choice; obesity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure A1
Figure A1
Descriptive statistics and correlations among consumption and its drivers.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Trends of total energy intake by NUTS 2 region.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Share of calorie consumption by main class of goods, quarter, and region.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Quarterly trends by NUTS 2 regions of daily energy intake from fats (a), proteins (b) and carbohydrates (c).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Quarterly trends by NUTS 2 regions of daily energy intake from fats (a), proteins (b) and carbohydrates (c).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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