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. 2025 Jan 5;17(1):191.
doi: 10.3390/nu17010191.

The Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Disordered Eating Among Adult Athletes in Italy and Lebanon

Valentina Cavedon  1 , Dima Kreidieh  2 , Chiara Milanese  1 , Leila Itani  2 , Massimo Pellegrini  3 , Dana Saadeddine  3 , Elisa Berri  4   5 , Marwan El Ghoch  3
Affiliations

The Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Disordered Eating Among Adult Athletes in Italy and Lebanon

Valentina Cavedon et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Background/objectives: Disordered eating (DE) is a wide-spectrum condition, represented by altered eating patterns, behaviors, and attitudes aimed at controlling food intake, body weight, and shape, which does not necessarily satisfy the diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder of clinical severity. DE is frequently reported among athletes, but its prevalence and associated factors have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we intended to assess the prevalence of DE among adult athletes from different sports disciplines in Italy and Lebanon and to identify the factors associated with DE.

Methods: A validated questionnaire (Eating Attitude Test [EAT-26]) was administered to determine the prevalence of DE, which was indicated by a score ≥ 17. Sport-related information, such as the type of sport, level of competition, training volume, and years of athletic experience, was also collected.

Results: Among the total sample of 881 athletes, 78 were identified as having DE, with a prevalence of 6.1% (7.8% of females and 4.9% of males) in Italian athletes and 21.3% (27.3% of females and 17.0% of males) in Lebanese athletes. In addition, among male athletes, the risk of having DE was more than threefold in those practicing weightlifting or bodybuilding (odds ratio [OR] = 3.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-10.08, and p < 0.05), while females with more athletic experience had almost 10% less risk of having DE (OR = 0.92; 95%CI = 0.86-0.98, and p < 0.05).

Conclusions: DE is a prevalent condition among athletes. Therefore, it is crucial that sports federations and committees consider adopting standardized practical guidelines that focus on routinely screening for the early identification of DE in this population and implementing strategies for its timely management. In the future, longitudinal studies are also needed to clarify the impact of DE on athletes' clinical condition as well as their physical fitness and sports performance.

Keywords: dieting; eating disorders; overtraining; physical exercise; physical fitness and performance; sport competitions.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart and shift work analysis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Prevalence of DE among males and females stratified by country of origin.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Proportion of weightlifting and bodybuilding among male athletes with or without DE.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mean years of experience among female athletes with or without DE.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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