Advances of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Dental Implant Applications

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) are becoming increasingly crucial in dental implant applications as they are highly compatible with biological systems, actively support biological processes, and closely resemble bone minerals. This review covers the latest progress in how HANPs are made, studied, and used in dentistry. It looks at critical methods for creating HANPs, such as sol-gel, microwave hydrothermal synthesis, and biomimetic approaches, and how they affect the particles' size, structure, and activity. The green synthesis method illustrated a new door to synthesize HAp for maintaining biocompatibilityand increasing antibacterial properties. The review also explores how HANPs improve the integration of implants with bone, support bone growth, and help treat sensitive teeth based on various laboratory and clinical studies. The usage of HAp in dentin and enamel shows higher potentiality through FTIR, XPS, XRD, EDS, etc., for mechanical stability and biological balance compared to natural teeth. Additionally, the use of HANPs in dental products like toothpaste and mouthwash is discussed, highlighting its potential to help rebuild tooth enamel and fight bacteria. There are some challenges for long-term usage against oral bacteria, but doping with inorganic materials, like Zn, has already solved this periodontal problem. Much more research is still essential to estimate the fabrication variation based on patient problems and characteristics. Still, it has favorable outcomes regarding its bioactive nature and antimicrobial properties. Due to their compatibility with biological tissues and ability to support bone growth, HANPs hold great promise for advancing dental materials and implant technology, potentially leading to better dental care and patient outcomes.

Keywords: Biodegradation; Bone regeneration; Dental treatments; Hydroxyapatite; Implant.

Fig. 1

Dental Application of Nanoparticle.

Fig. 2

HANPs in dental implants.

Fig. 3

Importance of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in dental implant.

Fig. 4

HA synthesis methods.

Fig. 5

Different types of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle synthesis processes.

Fig. 6

HAp nanoparticle production using a green synthesis technique.

Figure 7

Significance of HAp as a bioceramic material.

Fig. 8

Morphologies of HAp powders.

Fig. 9

HAp nanocrystals.

Fig. 10

Graphical view of characterization processes of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp).

Fig. 11

Prepared HANPs and HANPs sintered at 200, 400, 600, and 800 degrees Celsius: XRD patterns.

Fig. 12

XRD patterns of HAp at various annealing temperatures (a) as prepared, (b) 700°C, (c) 800°C, and (d) 900°C are shown.

Fig. 13

PH8 and PP4H4 cross-section FE-SEM micrographs.

Fig. 14

The HANPs' FTIR spectrum.

Fig. 15

HA NPs synthesized by routes 1 (blue) and 2 (red) in its FTIR spectra.

Fig. 16

HAp's FT-IR spectra at various annealing temperatures, including (a) as prepared, (b) 700°C, (c) 800°C, and (d) 900°C.

Fig. 17

HAp nanoparticle TEM picture.

Fig. 18

TEM images from HANPs-1, -2, and -3 show a rod-like structure with a mean length between 20 and 40 nm. The scale bar indicates 100 nm.

Fig. 19

HA (A), FHA (B), and SiHA (C) SEM pictures. The precision of SEM is evident in the detailed examination of the length of HA nanoparticles, which were found to be 200 nm (Figure 8a). Similarly, the lengths of FHA and SiHA nanoparticles were examined and found to be 700-800 nm and 400-500 nm, respectively.

Fig. 20

A picture of calcined (HAp) obtained using SEM.

Fig. 21

Nanomaterial applications throughout various dental specialties.

Fig. 22

Nature of HAp.

Fig. 23

Dental fields of HANPs.

Fig. 24

HANPs as a mineral.

Fig. 25

The application of HA NPs in many dental specialties.

Fig. 26

Importance of HA NPs in dentistry.

Fig. 27

Uses of (PHG) coating polydopamine HAp.

Fig. 28

Graphical view of HA NPs in biomedical coating.

Fig. 29

Different types of polymer composites of HANPs.

Fig. 30

Different uses of polymers of HAp.

Fig. 31

Summary of the molecular processes that the Hanano surface in osteoblasts initiates. The primary biological pathways that the HAnano-modified surface initiates in osteoblast responses are illustrated in this system. Osteoblasts that come into contact with the surface at early 3 and 24 hours upregulate the activity of a collection of genes linked to cell adhesion, further impairing the expression of genes related to osteoblast differentiation. Crucially, it is proposed in the literature today that the release of calcium and phosphate ions activates an upstream signaling pathway that promotes osteoblast development and proliferation. These phases of osteoblast biology collectively result in the osteogenesis process, which is anticipated to be recapitulated during the osseointegration of dental implants.

Fig. 32

Research on HANPs from the last decade in different sectors of dentistry.

Fig. 33

Infection prevention properties of HAp.