Abnormal Exercise Electrocardiography With Normal Stress Echocardiography Is Associated With Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis

Abstract

Background: Patients with abnormal (positive) exercise electrocardiography, but normal stress echocardiography (+ECG/-Echo), have an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events compared with patients with a normal (negative) ECG and a normal stress Echo (-ECG/-Echo). However, it is unclear if +ECG/-Echo discordance is associated with a greater burden of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis.

Methods: Project Baseline Health Study participants who underwent a stress Echo and coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan were stratified by stress Echo result: -ECG/-Echo or +ECG/-Echo. Multivariable regression investigated the association between stress Echo results and CAC burden. Event-free survival from a composite of adverse cardiovascular events was compared between groups.

Results: Among 1630 asymptomatic participants in this observational cohort study, 1503 (92.2%) had a -ECG/-Echo, 105 (6.4%) had a +ECG/-Echo, and 22 (1.3%) had a +Echo. The +ECG/-Echo group had a significantly greater burden of coronary atherosclerosis than the -ECG/-Echo group (mean CAC score, 198±470 versus 53±186; P<0.001; CAC_log, 2.2±2.7 versus 1.2±2.0; P<0.001). The -ECG/-Echo group was more likely to have CAC=0 compared with the +ECG/-Echo group (65.9% versus 53.3%; P=0.01), whereas the +ECG/-Echo group more commonly had CAC ≥100 (28.6% versus 11.4%; P<0.001). After adjustment, CAC_log scores were 52% higher in the +ECG/-Echo group than in the -ECG/-Echo group (P=0.002). Compared with the -ECG/-Echo group, the +ECG/-Echo group was 4.5× more likely to have a CAC score ≥400 (adjusted odds ratio, 4.54 [95% CI, 1.95-10.05]; P<0.001). After a median follow-up of 4.3 years, a trend toward increased adverse cardiovascular events was observed among participants with +ECG/-Echo.

Conclusions: Individuals with a +ECG/-Echo have a higher burden of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis than those with a -ECG/-Echo, which may explain, at least in part, the increased risk for adverse cardiac events in this population. Further study is needed to determine the optimal strategy for mitigating cardiovascular risk in these patients.

Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03154346.

Keywords: cohort studies; coronary artery disease; echocardiography, stress; electrocardiography; follow-up studies.