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. 2025 Jan 7:18:15-27.
doi: 10.2147/MDER.S493383. eCollection 2025.

Noninvasive Detection of Alpha-Amylase in Saliva Using Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes: A Promising Biomarker for Clinical Oral Diagnostics

Faris Hernando Reviansyah #  1 , Azzahra Delvyra Ristin #  1 , Adil Abdul Rauf  2 , Prisilia Dita Sepirasari  2 , Fahmi Nur Alim  2 , Yuspian Nur  3 , Veni Takarini  4 , Muhammad Yusuf  5 , Dudi Aripin  6 , Sri Susilawati  7 , Maria Komariah  8 , Boy Yoseph Cahya Sunan Sakti Syah Alam  9
Affiliations

Noninvasive Detection of Alpha-Amylase in Saliva Using Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes: A Promising Biomarker for Clinical Oral Diagnostics

Faris Hernando Reviansyah et al. Med Devices (Auckl). .

Abstract

Background: Biomarkers are essential tools for diagnosing diseases. Saliva, as a human fluid, effectively reflects the body's condition due to its rich composition. Analyzing saliva components allows for noninvasive, cost-effective, and time-efficient screening and diagnosis. Alpha-amylase, a key biomarker present in saliva, has been linked to oral diseases. This study introduces an innovative method for the noninvasive detection of alpha-amylase using screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), enabling easy and efficient screening and diagnosis.

Methods: The proposed method involves measuring varying concentrations of alpha-amylase using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). Saliva samples are applied directly onto electrodes pre-coated with biomarkers and a conditioning agent, allowing for precise detection and analysis.

Results: The screen-printed carbon electrode demonstrated excellent performance in detecting alpha-amylase, with clear voltammogram results, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 104.252 units and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 315.915 units.

Conclusion: A gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrode (SPE) was developed to measure alpha-amylase quantitatively. Despite sensitivity to external interference, notably temperature, pH, and the duration of incubation, While the sensor showed sensitivity to external factors such as pH and temperature variations, it maintained a strong linear response, reinforcing its potential for reliable diagnostics with linear regression score (R² = 0.9513) across alpha-amylase concentrations of 100-500 units. This study underscores the sensor's effectiveness as a non-invasive tool for early detection using saliva as a biomarker, enhancing patient comfort and compliance. However, further research is needed for medical applications.

Keywords: Alpha-amylase; Biomarkers; Saliva; Screen-printed electrodes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author(s) report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The Components of Screen Printed Electrode (SPE) and The Potentiostat as a Connector to Device (Source: Author’s Illustration).
Figure 2
Figure 2
A Schematic Illustration of Modifying Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode (Source: Author’s Illustration).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The Current Voltage (CV) Curve (Source: Author’s Illustration).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The Differential Potential Voltage (DPV) Curve and the linear regression of alpha-amylase test. (Source: Author’s Illustration).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Amperometric Standard Curve Alpha-Amylase (Source: Author’s Illustration).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Illustration adapted from the study by Gulati et al. Schematic of the SPE-based Immunosensor Through Immobilization of Antibodies, BSA, and Antigens (Source: Author’s Illustration).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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