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. 2024 Nov 14:14:103052.
doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.103052. eCollection 2025 Jun.

Enhanced diabetic retinopathy detection using U-shaped network and capsule network-driven deep learning

Govindharaj I  1 , Poongodai A  2 , Gnanajeyaraman Rajaram  3 , Santhakumar D  3 , Ravichandran S  4 , Vijaya Prabhu R  5 , Udayakumar K  6 , Yazhinian S  7
Affiliations

Enhanced diabetic retinopathy detection using U-shaped network and capsule network-driven deep learning

Govindharaj I et al. MethodsX. .

Abstract

Glaucoma, a severe eye disease leading to irreversible vision loss if untreated, remains a significant challenge in healthcare due to the complexity of its detection. Traditional methods rely on clinical examinations of fundus images, assessing features like optic cup and disc sizes, rim thickness, and other ocular deformities. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence have introduced new opportunities for enhancing glaucoma detection. This research explores a hybrid approach combining UNet++ and Capsule Network (CapsNet) architectures for accurate glaucoma diagnosis. UNet++ is employed for semantic segmentation, focusing on defining optic discs and cups, which are crucial for detecting the disease. CapsNet leverages its ability to recognize hierarchical patterns, providing more sensitive detection of glaucomatous changes than conventional Convolutional Neural Networks. Pre-processing of retinal images involves advanced techniques like Histogram Equalization and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) to enhance image quality. The model is trained and tested on benchmark datasets, showing superior performance in optic cup/disc segmentation and glaucoma detection accuracy compared to existing state-of-the-art models.•Hybrid Model Efficiency: The combined use of UNet++ and CapsNet offers improved accuracy in optic cup and disc segmentation.•Enhanced Image Quality: Application of Histogram Equalization and CLAHE techniques significantly boosts the quality of retinal images.•Superior Performance: The hybrid approach outperforms traditional and contemporary models in glaucoma detection accuracy.

Keywords: Capsule network; Convolutional neural network; Diabetic retinopathy detection; Hybrid UNet++-CapsNet Framework for Automated Glaucoma Detection; Optic cup; Optic disc; U-shaped network; Vision disorder.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Image, graphical abstract
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Illustration of the proposed DRD-CN-DL.
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U-net architecture used for training.
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Classification process using capsule network.
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Pooling process.
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Feature mapping for replication reduction.
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Accuracy.
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Precision.
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Recall.
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Specificity.
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Sensitivity.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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