Female athletes: a state-of-the-art review of multiorgan influence of exercise training

Abstract

Endurance sports have witnessed an increase in female participation, demanding a constant and evolving reassessment of the specific physiological and health implications of female athletes. In the present review, we analyze cardiovascular, hematological adaptations and anthropometry and hormonal fluctuations highlighting sex-specific differences in response to exercise, with estrogen playing a fundamental role in modulating body composition and metabolic processes. Nutritional aspects, in particular energy availability, macronutrient distribution and hydration, are fundamental in supporting training demands and menstrual function. Nevertheless, the repercussions of nutritional deficiencies, interacting in the female athlete triad - which also includes amenorrhea, osteoporosis and eating disorders - underline the importance of comprehensive management strategies. In addition, we comprehensively discuss the multiorgan effects of physical training, highlighting the intersections between sex-specific differences, nutritional needs, and cardiovascular adaptations. Cardiovascular remodeling in female endurance athletes reveals both morphological and functional adaptations, requiring a deep understanding of effective cardiovascular risk assessment and screening. The synthesis of current knowledge highlights the complexity of the physiological landscape of the female athlete practicing endurance sports, requiring ongoing exploration and tailored interventions. In conclusion, this review aims to support a gender-based approach to athletic training and health management and research, intending to optimize performance while safeguarding the well-being of female athletes.