Use of Physical Restraints for Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy - Why We Should Restrain Our Enthusiasm

Affiliations

¹ Leeds Liver Unit, St James's Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
² Leeds Liver Unit, St James's Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK. oliver.tavabie@nhs.net.

Editorial

Jennifer Gallacher et al. Dig Dis Sci. 2025 Mar.

. 2025 Mar;70(3):880-881.

doi: 10.1007/s10620-024-08830-x. Epub 2025 Jan 13.

¹ Leeds Liver Unit, St James's Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
² Leeds Liver Unit, St James's Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK. oliver.tavabie@nhs.net.

No abstract available

Keywords: Ethics; Healthcare disparity; Hepatic encephalopathy; Liver cirrhosis; Restraints.

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of interest: ODT has received consulting fees from Chiesi. JG has nil to declare.

1. Bustamante J, Rimola A, Ventura PJ et al. Prognostic significance of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1999;30:890–895. - DOI - PubMed
1. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol. 2022;77:807–824.
1. Ali YO, Goble SR, Leventhal TM. Disparities and outcomes of physical restraint use in hepatic encephalopathy: a national inpatient assessment. Dig Dis Sci. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-024-08758-2
1. Rook JM, Hayashi A, Salinas D, et al. Recent trends and risk factors for chemical and physical restraint use in the emergency department evaluation and treatment of trauma patients. Injury. 2024:112066.
1. Spennato U, Lerjen N, Siegwart J, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and outcomes associated with physical restraint in acute medical inpatients over 4 years-a retrospective cohort study. Geriatrics (Basel). 2023;8.