Predictive equation derived from 6,497 doubly labelled water measurements enables the detection of erroneous self-reported energy intake

Rania Bajunaid^#^{1

2}, Chaoqun Niu^#^{3

4}, Catherine Hambly^#¹, Zongfang Liu^#³, Yosuke Yamada^{5

6}, Heliodoro Aleman-Mateo⁷, Liam J Anderson⁸, Lenore Arab⁹, Issad Baddou¹⁰, Linda Bandini¹¹, Kweku Bedu-Addo¹², Ellen E Blaak¹³, Carlijn V C Bouten¹³, Soren Brage¹⁴, Maciej S Buchowski¹⁵, Nancy F Butte¹⁶, Stefan G J A Camps¹³, Regina Casper¹⁷, Graeme L Close¹⁸, Jamie A Cooper¹⁹, Richard Cooper²⁰, Sai Krupa Das²¹, Peter S W Davies²², Prasangi Dabare²³, Lara R Dugas^{20

24}, Simon Eaton²⁵, Ulf Ekelund²⁶, Sonja Entringer^{27

28}, Terrence Forrester²⁹, Barry W Fudge³⁰, Melanie Gillingham³¹, Annelies H Goris³², Michael Gurven³³, Asmaa El Hamdouchi¹⁰, Hinke H Haisma³⁴, Daniel Hoffman³⁵, Marije B Hoos¹³, Sumei Hu³, Noorjehan Joonas³⁶, Annemiek M Joosen¹³, Peter Katzmarzyk³⁷, Misaka Kimura³⁸, William E Kraus³⁹, Wantanee Kriengsinyos⁴⁰, Rebecca Kuriyan⁴¹, Robert F Kushner⁴², Estelle V Lambert⁴³, Pulani Lanerolle⁴⁴, Christel L Larsson⁴⁵, William R Leonard⁴⁶, Nader Lessan^{47

48}, Marie Löf^{49

50}, Corby K Martin³⁷, Eric Matsiko⁵¹, Anine C Medin^{52

53}, James C Morehen¹⁸, James P Morton¹⁸, Aviva Must⁵⁴, Marian L Neuhouser⁵⁵, Theresa A Nicklas¹⁶, Christine D Nyström⁵⁰, Robert M Ojiambo^{56

57}, Kirsi H Pietiläinen⁵⁸, Yannis P Pitsiladis⁵⁹, Jacob Plange-Rhule¹², Guy Plasqui⁶⁰, Ross L Prentice⁵⁵, Susan B Racette⁶¹, David A Raichlen⁶², Eric Ravussin³⁷, Leanne M Redman³⁷, John J Reilly⁶³, Rebecca Reynolds⁶⁴, Susan B Roberts⁶⁵, Dulani Samaranayakem⁶⁶, Luis B Sardinha⁶⁷, Analiza M Silva⁶⁷, Anders M Sjödin⁶⁸, Marina Stamatiou¹, Eric Stice⁶⁹, Samuel S Urlacher^{70

71}, Ludo M Van Etten¹³, Edgar G A H van Mil⁷², George Wilson¹⁸, Jack A Yanovski⁷³, Tsukasa Yoshida^{38

74}, Xueying Zhang^{1

3}, Alexia J Murphy-Alford⁷⁵, Srishti Sinha⁷⁵, Cornelia U Loechl⁷⁵, Amy H Luke⁷⁶, Herman Pontzer^{77

78}, Jennifer Rood⁷⁹, Hiroyuki Sagayama⁸⁰, Dale A Schoeller⁸¹, Klaas R Westerterp⁸², William W Wong⁸³, John R Speakman^#^{84

85

86

87}

Affiliations

¹ School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
² Food and Nutrition Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
³ Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
⁴ State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁵ Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. yyamada831@gmail.com.
⁶ Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. yyamada831@gmail.com.
⁷ Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Nutrition Coordination, Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), Hermosillo, Mexico.
⁸ School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁹ David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁰ Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN-Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Rabat, Morocco.
¹¹ University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
¹² Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
¹³ Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Metabolism and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
¹⁴ MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
¹⁵ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutritiion, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹⁸ Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
¹⁹ Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
²⁰ Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA.
²¹ USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
²² Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Health Research, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
²³ Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Kandawala, Sri Lanka.
²⁴ Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
²⁵ Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
²⁶ Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
²⁷ Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and HumboldtUniversität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
²⁸ Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
²⁹ Solutions for Developing Countries, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
³⁰ Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
³¹ Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
³² Imec, OnePlanet Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
³³ Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
³⁴ Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
³⁵ Department of Nutritional Sciences, Program in International Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
³⁶ Central Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Candos, Mauritius.
³⁷ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
³⁸ Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan.
³⁹ Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁴⁰ Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon-Pathom, Thailand.
⁴¹ Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
⁴² Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁴³ Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), FIMS International Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁴⁴ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
⁴⁵ Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁴⁶ Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
⁴⁷ Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
⁴⁸ Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁴⁹ Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
⁵⁰ Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁵¹ UR Sweden Program, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.
⁵² Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁵³ Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
⁵⁴ Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵⁵ Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁵⁶ Kenya School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.
⁵⁷ Rwanda Division of Basic Sciences, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda.
⁵⁸ Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Abdominal Center, Obesity Center, HealthyWeightHub, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁵⁹ School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.
⁶⁰ Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁶¹ College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
⁶² Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, California, CA, USA.
⁶³ School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
⁶⁴ Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁶⁵ Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
⁶⁶ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
⁶⁷ Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁶⁸ Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
⁷¹ Child and Brain Development Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁷² Maastricht University, Brightlands Campus Greenport Venlo and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands.
⁷³ Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁷⁴ National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.
⁷⁵ Department of Nutritional Sciences, International Atomc Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
⁷⁶ Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA. aluke@luc.edu.
⁷⁷ Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. pontzer@gmail.com.
⁷⁸ Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. pontzer@gmail.com.
⁷⁹ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Jennifer.rood@pbrc.edu.
⁸⁰ Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. sagayama.hiroyuki.ka@u.tsukuba.ac.jp.
⁸¹ Biotechnology Center and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. dschoell@nutrisci.wisc.edu.
⁸² Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Metabolism and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands. k.westerterp@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
⁸³ Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA. wwong@bcm.edu.
⁸⁴ School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
⁸⁵ Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
⁸⁶ State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
⁸⁷ Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 39806218
PMCID: PMC11772230
DOI: 10.1038/s43016-024-01089-5

Predictive equation derived from 6,497 doubly labelled water measurements enables the detection of erroneous self-reported energy intake

Rania Bajunaid et al. Nat Food. 2025 Jan.

. 2025 Jan;6(1):58-71.

doi: 10.1038/s43016-024-01089-5. Epub 2025 Jan 13.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
² Food and Nutrition Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
³ Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
⁴ State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁵ Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. yyamada831@gmail.com.
⁶ Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. yyamada831@gmail.com.
⁷ Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Nutrition Coordination, Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), Hermosillo, Mexico.
⁸ School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁹ David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁰ Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN-Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Rabat, Morocco.
¹¹ University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
¹² Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
¹³ Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Metabolism and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
¹⁴ MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
¹⁵ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutritiion, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹⁸ Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
¹⁹ Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
²⁰ Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA.
²¹ USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
²² Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Health Research, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
²³ Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Kandawala, Sri Lanka.
²⁴ Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
²⁵ Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
²⁶ Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
²⁷ Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and HumboldtUniversität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
²⁸ Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
²⁹ Solutions for Developing Countries, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
³⁰ Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
³¹ Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
³² Imec, OnePlanet Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
³³ Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
³⁴ Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
³⁵ Department of Nutritional Sciences, Program in International Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
³⁶ Central Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Candos, Mauritius.
³⁷ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
³⁸ Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan.
³⁹ Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁴⁰ Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon-Pathom, Thailand.
⁴¹ Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
⁴² Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁴³ Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), FIMS International Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁴⁴ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
⁴⁵ Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁴⁶ Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
⁴⁷ Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
⁴⁸ Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁴⁹ Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
⁵⁰ Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁵¹ UR Sweden Program, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.
⁵² Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁵³ Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
⁵⁴ Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵⁵ Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁵⁶ Kenya School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.
⁵⁷ Rwanda Division of Basic Sciences, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda.
⁵⁸ Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Abdominal Center, Obesity Center, HealthyWeightHub, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁵⁹ School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.
⁶⁰ Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁶¹ College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
⁶² Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, California, CA, USA.
⁶³ School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
⁶⁴ Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁶⁵ Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
⁶⁶ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
⁶⁷ Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁶⁸ Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
⁷¹ Child and Brain Development Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁷² Maastricht University, Brightlands Campus Greenport Venlo and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands.
⁷³ Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁷⁴ National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.
⁷⁵ Department of Nutritional Sciences, International Atomc Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
⁷⁶ Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA. aluke@luc.edu.
⁷⁷ Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. pontzer@gmail.com.
⁷⁸ Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. pontzer@gmail.com.
⁷⁹ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Jennifer.rood@pbrc.edu.
⁸⁰ Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. sagayama.hiroyuki.ka@u.tsukuba.ac.jp.
⁸¹ Biotechnology Center and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. dschoell@nutrisci.wisc.edu.
⁸² Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Metabolism and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands. k.westerterp@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
⁸³ Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA. wwong@bcm.edu.
⁸⁴ School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
⁸⁵ Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
⁸⁶ State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
⁸⁷ Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 39806218
PMCID: PMC11772230
DOI: 10.1038/s43016-024-01089-5

Erratum in

Author Correction: Predictive equation derived from 6,497 doubly labelled water measurements enables the detection of erroneous self-reported energy intake.
Bajunaid R, Niu C, Hambly C, Liu Z, Yamada Y, Aleman-Mateo H, Anderson LJ, Arab L, Baddou I, Bandini L, Bedu-Addo K, Blaak EE, Bouten CVC, Brage S, Buchowski MS, Butte NF, Camps SGJA, Casper R, Close GL, Cooper JA, Cooper R, Das SK, Davies PSW, Dabare P, Dugas LR, Eaton S, Ekelund U, Entringer S, Forrester T, Fudge BW, Gillingham M, Goris AH, Gurven M, El Hamdouchi A, Haisma HH, Hoffman D, Hoos MB, Hu S, Joonas N, Joosen AM, Katzmarzyk P, Kimura M, Kraus WE, Kriengsinyos W, Kuriyan R, Kushner RF, Lambert EV, Lanerolle P, Larsson CL, Leonard WR, Lessan N, Löf M, Martin CK, Matsiko E, Medin AC, Morehen JC, Morton JP, Must A, Neuhouser ML, Nicklas TA, Nyström CD, Ojiambo RM, Pietiläinen KH, Pitsiladis YP, Plange-Rhule J, Plasqui G, Prentice RL, Racette SB, Raichlen DA, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Reilly JJ, Reynolds R, Roberts SB, Samaranayakem D, Sardinha LB, Silva AM, Sjödin AM, Stamatiou M, Stice E, Urlacher SS, Van Etten LM, van Mil EGAH, Wilson G, Yanovski JA, Yoshida T, Zhang X, Murphy-Alford AJ, Sinha S, Loechl CU, Luke AH, Pontzer H, Rood J, Sagayama H, Schoeller DA, Westerterp KR, Wong WW, Speakman JR. Bajunaid R, et al. Nat Food. 2025 May;6(5):523-524. doi: 10.1038/s43016-025-01175-2. Nat Food. 2025. PMID: 40269324 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

Abstract

Nutritional epidemiology aims to link dietary exposures to chronic disease, but the instruments for evaluating dietary intake are inaccurate. One way to identify unreliable data and the sources of errors is to compare estimated intakes with the total energy expenditure (TEE). In this study, we used the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water Database to derive a predictive equation for TEE using 6,497 measures of TEE in individuals aged 4 to 96 years. The resultant regression equation predicts expected TEE from easily acquired variables, such as body weight, age and sex, with 95% predictive limits that can be used to screen for misreporting by participants in dietary studies. We applied the equation to two large datasets (National Diet and Nutrition Survey and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) and found that the level of misreporting was >50%. The macronutrient composition from dietary reports in these studies was systematically biased as the level of misreporting increased, leading to potentially spurious associations between diet components and body mass index.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Fig. 1. Misreporting in relation to age, BMI and sex.**
a, Comparison of the difference between predicted TEE and self-reported energy intake (EI) in the NDNS (n = 12,694) and NHANES (n = 5,873) datasets in relation to age for children (≤16 yr) and adults (>16 yr). b, Comparison of the difference between predicted TEE and self-reported energy intake in the same datasets in relation to BMI for children (≤16 yr) and adults (>16 yr). Negative values show observations lower than prediction and positive values show prediction higher than observation.

**Fig. 2. Misreporting and macronutrient intake.**
a–c, The discrepancy between the predicted TEE and the reported energy intake in the NHANES and NDNS surveys plotted against the self-reported intakes of fat (a), protein (b) and carbohydrates (c) as a percentage of the total energy. For each macronutrient, the top two plots show data from the whole sample (full data) and the bottom two plots show the data from the sample screened to include only those individuals within the predictive interval of the equation (screened). Significant effects in the whole sample were severely attenuated in the screened sample (see Table 3 for regression details).

**Fig. 3. Relationships between the reported dietary intakes of macronutrients and BMI.**
a–f, Relationships between BMI and the intakes of fat (a,b), protein (c,d) and carbohydrate (e,f) for the NHANES and NDNS surveys. Panels a, c and e show the data for the whole sample and panels b, d and f show the data for those individuals whose total energy intake was within the predictive interval (that is, excluding under- and over-reporters).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Predictive equation derived from 6,497 doubly labelled water measurements enables the detection of erroneous self-reported energy intake

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Predictive equation derived from 6,497 doubly labelled water measurements enables the detection of erroneous self-reported energy intake

Authors

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Erratum in

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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