Improving natural red pigment production by Streptomyces phaeolivaceus strain GH27 for functionalization of textiles with in silico ADME prediction

Abstract

The red pigment was recovered from the S. phaeolivaceus GH27 isolate, which was molecularly identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and submitted to GenBank as OQ145635.1. The ideal growth conditions included 1% (w/v) starch, diammonium citrate, dibasic sodium phosphate, 5% (v/v) inoculum, pH 8, a rotation speed of 150 rpm, a temperature of 37 °C, and an incubation period of 9 days. Using ethanol as a solvent, the red pigment was effectively recovered. Data indicates that pigment content remained steady at 40 and 50 °C. Heating the pigment extract to 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 °C for one hour results in pigment retention of 98%, 96.5%, 95.5%, 94.6%, and 92.6% of its pigment density, respectively. Studies indicate that the pigment extracts exhibited optimal stability at alkaline pH levels. The findings demonstrate that the red pigment extract has a peak absorbance range of 280-340 nm, with a λmax of 300 nm. GC/MS analysis revealed that the primary components of the pigment extract were linolenic acid methyl ester and oleic acid methyl ester, constituting 26.41% and 25.25%, respectively. Fabrics dyed with extracted red pigment exhibit excellent fastness when using the comprehensive green method. In comparison to conventional and nanotechnological attributes, printed samples exhibit significant color strength without environmental repercussions. The treatment of cotton, wool, and polyester samples suppressed pathogen growth to differing extents. Polyester had the most important inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus (50.03%) and Bacillus cereus (39.49%). The ADME physicochemical properties of the predominant medication were assessed, together with its bioavailability. The radar plot demonstrated ideal parameters for size, polarity, lipophilicity, solubility, and saturation, excluding flexibility. It exhibited intermediate synthetic accessibility, exceptional permeability and absorption, elevated gastrointestinal absorption, and blood-brain barrier penetration; nonetheless, it did not adhere to the medicinal chemistry rule of three.

Keywords: Actinomycetes; Antimicrobial fabrics; Molecular docking; Optimization; Production; Red pigment; Textiles.

Fig. 1

a Diffusible red pigment produced by S. phaeolivaceus GH27 on solid media. b Diffusible red pigment in the media produced by S. phaeolivaceus GH27. c Phylogenetic tree of S. phaeolivaceus GH27 based on 16S rRNA gene sequences

Fig. 2

a Effect of incubation period, b Effect of inoculums size (v/v), c Effect of incubation temperature and d Effect of different initial pH value on the red pigment production by S. phaeolivaceus GH27

Fig. 3

a Effect of culture volume % (v/v), b Effect of different rotation speed, c Effect of different carbon source and d Effect of starch concentration on the red pigment production by S. phaeolivaceus GH27

Fig. 4

a Influence of inorganic nitrogen source, b Effect of phosphorous source, c Effect of metal ions on red pigment production by S. phaeolivaceus GH27

Fig. 5

a Effect of heat treatment on the retention of extracted red pigment heated for one hour at different temperatures, b Effect different pH on stability of extracted red pigment, c The UV absorption spectrum of extracted red pigment produced by S. phaeolivaceus GH27

Fig. 6

TIC chromatogram for the extracted red pigment from S. phaeolivaceus GH27 isolate

Fig. 7

a Effect of concentration of mordant, b Effect of dye concentration, c Effect of pH value on (K/S) values of printing wool, cotton, and polyester fabrics with red pigment

Fig. 8

Antimicrobial evaluation of the treated fabrics (cotton, wool and polyester)

Fig. 9

Bioavailability Radar plot of the abundant compound. The pink area shows the optimal range for each property (Lipophilicity: XLOGP3 between − 0.7 and + 5.0, size: MW between 150 and 500 g/mol, polarity: TPSA between 20 and 130 Ų, solubility: log S not higher than 6, saturation: fraction of carbons in the sp.³ hybridization not less than 0.25, and flexibility: no more than 9 rotatable bonds)

Fig. 10

BOILED-Egg plot for most abundant compound. The yellow zone (yolk) is for highly possible BBB permeability, while the white region (GI) is for highly probable HIA (GI) absorption