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Review
. 2022 Oct 24:1:1001717.
doi: 10.3389/frabi.2022.1001717. eCollection 2022.

The synergistic interaction of systemic inflammation, dysbiosis and antimicrobial resistance promotes growth restriction in children with acute severe malnutrition: An emphasis on Escherichia coli

Rene Arredondo-Hernandez  1 , Christina Siebe  2 , Gonzalo Castillo-Rojas  3 , Samuel Ponce de León  1 , Yolanda López-Vidal  3
Affiliations
Review

The synergistic interaction of systemic inflammation, dysbiosis and antimicrobial resistance promotes growth restriction in children with acute severe malnutrition: An emphasis on Escherichia coli

Rene Arredondo-Hernandez et al. Front Antibiot. .

Abstract

A healthy development is denied to millions of children worldwide as harsh life conditions manifest themselves in an altered inflammation-prone microbiome crosstalk environment. Keynote of this tragedy is that insufficient nutritious amino acid blocks lipids-intake to sustain diverse microbiota, and promotes the generalist strategy followed by Escherichia coli -besides other proteobacteria- of shifting gut metabolism, subverting the site specificity of first immune reaction. Furthermore, it could be hypothesized that selective success lies in their ability to induce inflammation, since this phenomenon also fuels horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In this review, we dilucidate how immune mechanisms of environmental enteric dysfunction affect overgrowth restriction, infectious morbidity rate, and acquired lifelong risks among severe acute malnourished children. Also, despite acknowledging complexities of antimicrobial resistant enrichment, we explore and speculate over the links between virulence regulation and HGT as an indissociable part in the quest for new inflammatory niches by open genome bacteria, particularly when both collide in the most vulnerable.

Keywords: Escherichia coli; antimicrobial resistance; growth restriction; gut inflammation; microbiota dysbiosis; severe acute malnutrition.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The gut microenvironment in severe acute malnourished children. Damaged enterocytes, several immune cells overwhelmed with cytokines, pathogenic bacteria, aerobic environment with less SCFAs, and loss of ions promoting gastroenteritis. Created with BioRender.com.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Escherichia coli establishes and maintains the damaged gut microenvironment in severe acute malnutrition. Created with BioRender.com.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Horizontal transference of antimicrobial resistance genes by E. coli. (A) Conjugation. (B) Transformation. (C) Transduction. (D) Canonical pathways of HGT. Created with BioRender.com
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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