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. 2025 Jan 17;26(1):18.
doi: 10.1186/s13063-025-08721-0.

Effectiveness of breathing exercises on urinary symptoms, muscle activity, and strength in women with multiple sclerosis and urinary incontinence-a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial study

Atieh Nazem  1 , Shabnam ShahAli  2 , Mehdi Dadgoo  1 , Holakoo Mohsenifar  1 , Ismail Ebrahimi Takamjani  1 , Laleh Abadi Marand  3
Affiliations

Effectiveness of breathing exercises on urinary symptoms, muscle activity, and strength in women with multiple sclerosis and urinary incontinence-a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial study

Atieh Nazem et al. Trials. .

Abstract

Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common and debilitating condition among people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and is more prevalent among women. Over the past decade, numerous studies have investigated the effects of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) as a treatment for UI in people with MS. MS negatively impacts pulmonary function even in the early stages of the disease and people with MS may experience respiratory muscle weakness. Considering the synergy between the pelvic floor muscle (PFM) and respiratory muscles, this trial will evaluate the effects of PFMT and breathing exercises on PFM activity and strength, diaphragm activity, and urinary symptoms in women with MS who experience UI.

Methods: Fifty women with MS and UI will participate in this parallel randomized controlled trial, comprising 32 treatment sessions. The intervention group consists of PFMT and breathing exercises, and the control group includes PFMT. The severity of UI symptoms, PFM activity, diaphragm activity, and PFM strength will be evaluated using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form, ultrasound imaging, and modified Oxford grading scale, respectively before and after the intervention.

Discussion: The current trial is designed to examine the effects of a combined exercise program for UI in women with MS. It is hypothesized that using breathing exercises in conjunction with PFM exercises will improve patient symptoms compared to PFMT alone.

Trial registration: The trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with code IRCT20180916041051N3 and was approved on 23 May 2024.

Keywords: Breathing exercise; Exercise; Multiple sclerosis; Pelvic floor muscle; Physiotherapy; Randomized controlled trial; Urinary incontinence; Women.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The Human Research Ethics Committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences (IR.IUMS.REC.1403.027) reviewed and approved this study. All participants signed an informed consent form. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Schedule of enrollment, intervention, and assessments. PFM: Pelvic Floor, PFMT: Pelvic Floor Muscle Training, UI: Urinary Incontinence
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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