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Review
. 2025 Apr;32(4):2323-2328.
doi: 10.1245/s10434-024-16843-z. Epub 2025 Jan 16.

The Landmark Series: Testing in Thyroid Nodule Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

Kimberly M Ramonell  1 , Linwah Yip  2
Affiliations
Review

The Landmark Series: Testing in Thyroid Nodule Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

Kimberly M Ramonell et al. Ann Surg Oncol. 2025 Apr.

Abstract

There has been remarkable growth in our understanding of the biologic behavior and molecular signature of thyroid malignancies, which has led to the introduction, application, and evolution of molecular testing of thyroid nodule FNA cytology. Next-generation sequencing molecular testing is an important, well-validated diagnostic tool for management of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. It reduces unnecessary thyroid surgery for benign disease, avoiding associated surgical risks for the patient and reducing healthcare expenses. This article reviews the development and implementation of thyroid nodule cytologic classification and subsequent testing and how it has improved the diagnostic considerations in thyroid nodule and thyroid cancer management algorithms. The use of molecular testing as a prognostic tool is evolving and although the data are limited, they suggest a promising role in prognostication for oncologic outcomes. However, future studies are needed to further evaluate this.

Keywords: Bethesda system; Molecular testing; Thyroid cancer; Thyroid nodule cytology.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosures: Disclosures: Dr. Ramonell is an employee of University of Pittsburgh Physicians which is an affiliate of UPMC. UPMC has granted CBLPath, Inc license to market the ThyroSeq trademark for commercial use. Dr. Ramonell receive d no related direct or indirect compensation for ThyroSeq . No other disclosur es are reported.

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