Individualized PEEP titration by lung compliance during one-lung ventilation: a meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Despite the physiological advantages of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), its optimal utilization during one-lung ventilation (OLV) remains uncertain. We aimed to investigate whether individualized PEEP titration by lung compliance is associated with a reduced risk of postoperative pulmonary complications during OLV.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials until April 1, 2024, to identify published randomized controlled trials that compared individualized PEEP titration by lung compliance with fixed PEEP during OLV. The primary outcome was a composite of postoperative pulmonary complications. Secondary outcomes included clinical outcomes (pneumonia, atelectasis, ARDS, cardiovascular complications, mortality), respiratory mechanics, gas exchanges, and hemodynamic variables. Subgroup analyses were conducted for the primary outcome according to the PEEP titration method (dynamic compliance vs. driving pressure/static compliance, stepwise decremental vs. incremental strategy).

Results: Ten trials involving 3426 patients were included. Compared with fixed PEEP, individualized PEEP titration by lung compliance was associated with reduced risk of a composite of postoperative pulmonary complications (eight trials, 3351 patients, risk ratio [RR] 0.55, 95% CI 0.38-0.78). Subgroup analyses suggested the association was evident in the subgroup with titration by dynamic compliance rather than driving pressure/static compliance and in the subgroup with PEEP titration by stepwise decremental but not stepwise incremental strategy. Individualized PEEP titration by lung compliance was also associated with a reduced risk of pneumonia (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.96) and atelectasis (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45-0.88), higher dynamic compliance, PaO₂, PaO₂/FiO₂, and lower driving pressure. The individualized and fixed PEEP groups did not differ in ARDS, cardiovascular complications, mortality, peak pressure, plateau pressure, PaCO₂, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure.

Conclusions: Compared with fixed PEEP, individualized PEEP titration by lung compliance is associated with a reduced risk of postoperative pulmonary complications during OLV, especially in PEEP titration by dynamic compliance or stepwise decremental strategy. It improves respiratory mechanics and oxygenation with no difference in hemodynamic variables. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov (PROSPERO No. CRD42024529980).

Keywords: Lung compliance; One-lung ventilation; Positive end-expiratory pressure; Postoperative pulmonary complications; Respiratory mechanics.

Fig. 1

Forest plot for a composite of postoperative pulmonary complications, pneumonia, and atelectasis. CI, confidence interval; PEEP, positive end-expiration pressure

Fig. 2

Forest plot for ARDS, cardiovascular complications, and mortality. ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CI, confidence interval; PEEP, positive end-expiration pressure

Fig. 3

Forest plot for respiratory mechanics. CI, confidence interval; PEEP, positive end-expiration pressure; SD, standard deviation

Fig. 4

Forest plot for gas exchanges. CI, confidence interval; FiO₂, inspired oxygen concentration; PaCO₂, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PaO₂, arterial partial pressure of oxygen; PEEP, positive end-expiration pressure; SD, standard deviation