Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity at any Dose Reduces All-Cause Dementia Risk Regardless of Frailty Status

Affiliations

¹ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: awaniga1@jhu.edu.
² Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
³ Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁴ Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁵ Division of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
⁶ Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁷ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁸ Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁹ Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

PMID: 39826907
PMCID: PMC11890932 (available on 2026-03-01)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105456

Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity at any Dose Reduces All-Cause Dementia Risk Regardless of Frailty Status

Amal A Wanigatunga et al. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2025 Mar.

. 2025 Mar;26(3):105456.

doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105456. Epub 2025 Jan 28.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: awaniga1@jhu.edu.
² Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
³ Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁴ Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁵ Division of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
⁶ Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁷ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁸ Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁹ Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

PMID: 39826907
PMCID: PMC11890932 (available on 2026-03-01)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105456

Abstract

Objectives: Reaching the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) recommendations of 150 min/wk is difficult for older adults, particularly among those living with frailty and its associated risk of dementia. We examined the dose-response relationship between MVPA and dementia risk among at-risk persons living with and without frailty enrolled in the UK Biobank study.

Design: Survival analysis within a prospective cohort study.

Settings and participants: Participants at risk for all-cause dementia who wore an Axivity AX3 triaxial wrist-worn accelerometer between February 2013 and December 2015.

Methods: MVPA was estimated from wrist-worn accelerometry in a subpopulation of the UK Biobank study. A modified version of the physical frailty phenotype was used to define frailty. Associations between MVPA dose (including interactions with frailty) and first-time incident dementia were analyzed using Cox regression models. MVPA was treated continuously and categorically across 5 levels to estimate the dose-response curve. Models were adjusted for demographics, frailty status, and comorbidities.

Results: This study included 89,667 adults (median age, 63 years; 56% women), with 735 participants developing dementia over an average of 4.4 years. Average weekly MVPA was 126 minutes. Each 30 minutes higher MVPA was associated with a 4% reduction in the risk of all-cause dementia (hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99). The hazard ratios for engaging in 0-34.9, 35-69.9, 70-139.9, and ≥140 MVPA minutes per week were 0.59, 0.40, 0.37, and 0.31, respectively (P < .05 for all) compared with 0 MVPA minutes per week. All associations were similar across frailty status (interaction P for all models > .21).

Conclusions and implications: Our results suggest engaging in any additional amount of MVPA reduces dementia risk, with the highest benefit appearing among individuals with no MVPA. These associations are not substantially modified by frailty status.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Exercise; accelerometry; guidelines; older adults.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure J.A.S. is a consultant for Edwards Lifescience and serves on the board of BellSant, Inc. C.M.C. is consulting with Bayer and Johnson and Johnson on methods development for wearable devices in clinical trials. The details of the contracts are disclosed through the Johns Hopkins University eDisclose system and have no direct or apparent relationship with this manuscript. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

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Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity at any Dose Reduces All-Cause Dementia Risk Regardless of Frailty Status

Affiliations

Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity at any Dose Reduces All-Cause Dementia Risk Regardless of Frailty Status

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

References

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical