Resistance to the herbicides haloxyfop and iodosulfuron is common in commercial ryegrass (Lolium) seed lines

Abstract

Background: Ryegrass (Lolium spp.) is a key forage providing a $14 billion contribution to New Zealand's gross domestic product (GDP). However, ryegrass can also act as a weed and evolve resistance to herbicides used for its control. Farmers suspected that imported seed might contribute to resistance issues. Herbicide resistance frequencies were investigated in commercial ryegrass seed lines intended for multiplication in New Zealand. Samples from 56 basic seed lots and 52 unique cultivars sourced from regions including New Zealand, United States, Europe and Japan were planted in field trials. Seedlings were then sprayed with three common herbicides: glyphosate, iodosulfuron, and haloxyfop. Surviving plants were retested to confirm resistance.

Results: Resistance to haloxyfop and or iodosulfuron was detected in 79% of seed lines. However, frequencies were not significantly higher in imported lines (from United States and Europe) compared with New Zealand lines. Resistance was detected at frequencies between 0.00112% and 10% for haloxyfop and between 0.00212% and 14.28% for iodosulfuron Resistance to glyphosate was not found. There was no significant difference between the resistance detected in seed samples sourced from different seed companies.

Conclusions: It was found that 63% of resistant lines had resistance frequencies rarer than 0.1%, but this is potentially problematic considering typical sowing rates. Imported versus domestic seed sources were not significantly different; they pose similar levels of resistance risk to farmers. Lolium multiflorum had a higher resistance frequency compared to Lolium perenne (although only six L. multiflorum lots were evaluated). Breeders should screen progeny of early crosses for herbicide resistance. © 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Keywords: ACCase inhibitor; AHAS inhibitor; ALS inihibitor; EPSPS inhibitor; Lolium species; seed for sowing.

Figure 1

The frequency (%) of herbicide resistant seedlings detected in this study, with seed source or breeding region, plus treatment herbicides haloxyfop (HAL), and iodosulfuron (IOD) shown in panel columns and turf and forage types in panel rows. Two samples from Japan are omitted from this figure. The y axis ticks show the actual proportions on a transformed axis (arcsine square root) to distinguish differences between small proportions.

Figure 2

The estimated marginal means (black dots), and blue 95% confidence intervals of the frequency (%) of ryegrass seedlings that were resistant to iodosulfuron (IOD) and or haloxyfop (HAL) are shown for the factor combinations that were significant in the linear mixed model. The tick mark labels show the estimated proportions from the model, intervals vary to match the transformed (arcsine square root) scale, so small proportions can be shown. Two samples from Japan, and the only sample of Lolium hybridum were dropped from the model. [Correction added on January 23, 2025, after first online publication: Figure 2 caption has been updated.]