Exogenous ALA applied on different plant parts promotes tomato fruit quality and GABA synthesis

Abstract

Introduction: Tomato fruit are rich in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which lowers blood pressure and improves sleep. An increase in GABA content is important for enhancing the nutritional quality of tomato fruit.

Methods: To investigate the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on fruit quality and GABA synthesis in greenhouse tomatoes, the tomato cultivar (Solanum lycopersicum cv. '184') was used as an experimental material. During the fruit-setting period, root drenching with 0, 10, and 50 mg·L^-1 ALA, foliar spraying with 0, 50, and 100 mg·L^-1 ALA, and fruit surface spraying with 0, 100, and 200 mg·L^-1 ALA were applied. The study investigated the application of exogenous ALA to different parts of the plant to determine the optimal ALA concentrations for each application site (10 mg·L^-1 for root application, 100 mg·L^-1 for foliar application, and 100 mg·L^-1 for fruit surface application). Using the selected optimal ALA concentrations, tomatoes were used to study the effects of exogenous ALA application at different sites on fruit quality and GABA synthesis of greenhouse tomatoes.

Results and discussion: The results demonstrated that exogenous ALA application to different parts of greenhouse-grown tomato plants substantially increased single-fruit weight by 42.37%-76.24%, soluble sugar content by 78.51%-94.52%, soluble solids by 9.09%-41.71%, soluble protein by 82.71%-241.05%, and ascorbic acid content by 1.31%-5.06% in mature tomatoes. And it reduced the organic acid content of the fruit by 12.81%-33.61%. Moreover, ALA applied at different parts of plants substantially enhanced the free amino acid content by 11.22%-16.50%, among them, umami amino acid content by 7.26%-20.13%. Besides, GABA content in mature tomato fruits was increased by 214.58%-433.32 across the different application parts. Exogenous ALA application at different sites regulates the activity of glutamate acid decarboxylase (GAD) and increases the content of glutamate for GABA synthesis pathway during tomato fruit development, thereby affecting the GABA content. In summary, exogenous ALA applied at different parts of tomato plants regulates the metabolism of amino acids and enhances the biosynthesis of GABA, which promotes the nutrient quality of the fruit.

Keywords: 5-aminolevulinic acid; free amino acid; fruit quality; tomato; γ-aminobutyric acid.

Figure 1

Effect of exogenous ALA application at different sites on single fruit weight and hardness of tomato fruit. (A) Photos of tomato the maturity stage (each square of the ruler represents 1 cm). (B) Single fruit weight; the short vertical line in the histogram represents the mean ± SE (n = 3). The different normal letters indicate that each treatment has significant difference at the 0.05 level.

Figure 2

Effects of exogenous ALA on soluble sugar, titrable acid and sugar-acid ratio of tomato fruit. (A) Soluble sugar content; (B) titrable acid content; (C) sugar-acid ratio. The short vertical line in the histogram represents the mean ± SE (n = 3). The different normal letters indicate that each treatment has significant difference at the 0.05 level.

Figure 3

Effects of exogenous ALA applied at different sites on soluble solids, soluble proteins, and acid in tomato fruit. (A) Soluble Solids content; (B) soluble protein content; (C) ascorbic acid content. The short vertical line in the histogram represents the mean ± SE (n = 3). The different normal letters indicate that each treatment has significant difference at the 0.05 level.

Figure 4

Effect of exogenous ALA application to different parts on amino acid composition in tomato fruit (A) mature green stage amino acid content; (B) breaker stage amino acid content; (C) maturity stage amino acid content.

Figure 5

Effects of exogenous ALA on GABA biosynthesis indexes in tomato fruit. Asterisks indicate significance levels for Tukey’s HSD test between different application sites at the same time point, with *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ns indicating no significant difference. (A) GABA content; (B) Glutamate acid content; (C) GAD activity; (D) GAD1 Relative expression; (E) GAD2 Relative expression (F) GAD3 Relative expression.