Trust in scientists and their role in society across 68 countries

Viktoria Cologna^{1

2

3}, Niels G Mede⁴, Sebastian Berger⁵, John Besley⁶, Cameron Brick^{7

8}, Marina Joubert⁹, Edward W Maibach¹⁰, Sabina Mihelj¹¹, Naomi Oreskes¹², Mike S Schäfer⁴, Sander van der Linden¹³, Nor Izzatina Abdul Aziz¹⁴, Suleiman Abdulsalam¹⁵, Nurulaini Abu Shamsi¹⁶, Balazs Aczel¹⁷, Indro Adinugroho^{18

19}, Eleonora Alabrese²⁰, Alaa Aldoh⁷, Mark Alfano²¹, Innocent Mbulli Ali²², Mohammed Alsobay²³, Marlene Altenmüller^{24

25}, R Michael Alvarez²⁶, Richard Amoako²⁷, Tabitha Amollo²⁸, Patrick Ansah²⁷, Denisa Apriliawati²⁹, Flavio Azevedo^{30

31}, Ani Bajrami³², Ronita Bardhan³³, Keagile Bati³⁴, Eri Bertsou³⁵, Cornelia Betsch³⁶, Apurav Yash Bhatiya³⁷, Rahul Bhui^{23

38}, Olga Białobrzeska³⁹, Michał Bilewicz⁴⁰, Ayoub Bouguettaya⁴¹, Katherine Breeden⁴², Amélie Bret⁴³, Ondrej Buchel⁴⁴, Pablo Cabrera-Álvarez⁴⁵, Federica Cagnoli⁴⁶, André Calero Valdez⁴⁷, Timothy Callaghan⁴⁸, Rizza Kaye Cases⁴⁹, Sami Çoksan^{50

51}, Gabriela Czarnek⁵², Steven De Peuter⁵³, Ramit Debnath^{26

54}, Sylvain Delouvée⁵⁵, Lucia Di Stefano⁴⁶, Celia Díaz-Catalán^{45

56}, Kimberly C Doell⁵⁷, Simone Dohle⁵⁸, Karen M Douglas⁵⁹, Charlotte Dries⁶⁰, Dmitrii Dubrov⁶¹, Małgorzata Dzimińska⁶², Ullrich K H Ecker⁶³, Christian T Elbaek⁶⁴, Mahmoud Elsherif⁴¹, Benjamin Enke⁶⁵, Tom W Etienne⁶⁶, Matthew Facciani⁶⁷, Antoinette Fage-Butler⁶⁸, Md Zaki Faisal⁶⁹, Xiaoli Fan⁷⁰, Christina Farhart⁷¹, Christoph Feldhaus⁷², Marinus Ferreira²¹, Stefan Feuerriegel⁷³, Helen Fischer⁷⁴, Jana Freundt⁷⁵, Malte Friese⁷⁶, Simon Fuglsang⁷⁷, Albina Gallyamova⁶¹, Patricia Garrido-Vásquez⁷⁸, Mauricio E Garrido Vásquez⁷⁸, Winfred Gatua⁷⁹, Oliver Genschow⁸⁰, Omid Ghasemi^{81

82}, Theofilos Gkinopoulos⁵², Jamie L Gloor⁸³, Ellen Goddard⁷⁰, Mario Gollwitzer²⁴, Claudia González-Brambila⁸⁴, Hazel Gordon¹⁸, Dmitry Grigoryev⁶¹, Gina M Grimshaw⁸⁵, Lars Guenther⁸⁶, Håvard Haarstad^{87

88}, Dana Harari⁸⁹, Lelia N Hawkins⁹⁰, Przemysław Hensel⁹¹, Alma Cristal Hernández-Mondragón⁹², Atar Herziger⁸⁹, Guanxiong Huang⁹³, Markus Huff^{74

94}, Mairéad Hurley⁹⁵, Nygmet Ibadildin⁹⁶, Maho Ishibashi⁹⁷, Mohammad Tarikul Islam⁹⁸, Younes Jeddi¹⁵, Tao Jin⁹⁹, Charlotte A Jones¹⁰⁰, Sebastian Jungkunz^{101

102}, Dominika Jurgiel¹⁰³, Zhangir Kabdulkair⁹⁶, Jo-Ju Kao¹⁰⁴, Sarah Kavassalis⁹⁰, John R Kerr¹⁰⁵, Mariana Kitsa¹⁰⁶, Tereza Klabíková Rábová¹⁰⁷, Olivier Klein¹⁰⁸, Hoyoun Koh¹⁰⁹, Aki Koivula¹¹⁰, Lilian Kojan⁴⁷, Elizaveta Komyaginskaya⁶¹, Laura König^{111

112}, Lina Koppel¹¹³, Kochav Koren Nobre Cavalcante¹¹⁴, Alexandra Kosachenko¹¹⁵, John Kotcher¹⁰, Laura S Kranz⁸⁵, Pradeep Krishnan³⁵, Silje Kristiansen^{88

116}, André Krouwel¹¹⁷, Toon Kuppens¹¹⁸, Eleni A Kyza¹¹⁹, Claus Lamm⁵⁷, Anthony Lantian¹²⁰, Aleksandra Lazić¹²¹, Oscar Lecuona¹²², Jean-Baptiste Légal¹²⁰, Zoe Leviston¹²³, Neil Levy^{21

124}, Amanda M Lindkvist¹¹³, Grégoire Lits¹²⁵, Andreas Löschel⁷², Alberto López Ortega¹¹⁷, Carlos Lopez-Villavicencio¹²⁶, Nigel Mantou Lou¹²⁷, Chloe H Lucas¹⁰⁰, Kristin Lunz-Trujillo^{128

129}, Mathew D Marques¹³⁰, Sabrina J Mayer¹⁰¹, Ryan McKay¹³¹, Hugo Mercier¹³², Julia Metag¹³³, Taciano L Milfont¹³⁴, Joanne M Miller¹³⁵, Panagiotis Mitkidis⁶⁴, Fredy Monge-Rodríguez¹²⁶, Matt Motta⁴⁸, Iryna Mudra¹⁰⁶, Zarja Muršič¹³⁶, Jennifer Namutebi¹³⁷, Eryn J Newman¹²³, Jonas P Nitschke⁵⁷, Ntui-Njock Vincent Ntui¹³⁸, Daniel Nwogwugwu¹³⁹, Thomas Ostermann¹⁴⁰, Tobias Otterbring¹⁴¹, Jaime Palmer-Hague¹⁴², Myrto Pantazi¹⁰⁸, Philip Pärnamets¹⁴³, Paolo Parra Saiani⁴⁶, Mariola Paruzel-Czachura^{144

145}, Michal Parzuchowski³⁹, Yuri G Pavlov¹⁴⁶, Adam R Pearson¹⁴⁷, Myron A Penner¹⁴², Charlotte R Pennington¹⁴⁸, Katerina Petkanopoulou¹⁴⁹, Marija B Petrović¹²¹, Jan Pfänder¹³², Dinara Pisareva¹⁰⁹, Adam Ploszaj¹⁵⁰, Karolína Poliaková¹⁰⁷, Ekaterina Pronizius⁵⁷, Katarzyna Pypno-Blajda¹⁴⁴, Diwa Malaya A Quiñones¹⁵¹, Pekka Räsänen¹¹⁰, Adrian Rauchfleisch¹⁰⁴, Felix G Rebitschek^{60

152}, Cintia Refojo Seronero⁴⁵, Gabriel Rêgo^{31

153}, James P Reynolds¹⁴⁸, Joseph Roche⁹⁵, Simone Rödder¹⁵⁴, Jan Philipp Röer¹⁴⁰, Robert M Ross²¹, Isabelle Ruin¹⁵⁵, Osvaldo Santos¹⁵⁶, Ricardo R Santos^{156

157}, Philipp Schmid^{36

158

159}, Stefan Schulreich^{160

161}, Bermond Scoggins¹⁶², Amena Sharaf¹⁶³, Justin Sheria Nfundiko^{164

165}, Emily Shuckburgh⁵⁴, Johan Six¹⁶⁶, Nevin Solak¹⁶⁷, Leonhard Späth¹⁶⁶, Bram Spruyt¹⁶⁸, Olivier Standaert¹²⁵, Samantha K Stanley^{81

82

123}, Gert Storms⁵³, Noel Strahm⁵, Stylianos Syropoulos¹⁶⁹, Barnabas Szaszi¹⁷, Ewa Szumowska⁵², Mikihito Tanaka¹⁷⁰, Claudia Teran-Escobar^{120

155}, Boryana Todorova⁵⁷, Abdoul Kafid Toko¹⁵, Renata Tokrri¹⁷¹, Daniel Toribio-Florez⁵⁹, Manos Tsakiris^{131

172}, Michael Tyrala¹⁷³, Özden Melis Uluğ¹⁷⁴, Ijeoma Chinwe Uzoma¹⁷⁵, Jochem van Noord^{118

168}, Christiana Varda^{119

176}, Steven Verheyen¹⁷⁷, Iris Vilares⁹⁹, Madalina Vlasceanu¹⁷⁸, Andreas von Bubnoff¹⁷⁹, Iain Walker^{123

180}, Izabela Warwas⁶², Marcel Weber⁷⁶, Tim Weninger⁶⁷, Mareike Westfal⁸⁰, Florian Wintterlin¹³³, Adrian Dominik Wojcik¹⁸¹, Ziqian Xia¹⁸², Jinliang Xie¹⁸³, Ewa Zegler-Poleska¹⁵⁰, Amber Zenklusen³⁵, Rolf A Zwaan¹⁷⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. viktoriacologna@gmail.com.
² Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. viktoriacologna@gmail.com.
³ Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. viktoriacologna@gmail.com.
⁴ Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁵ Institute of Sociology, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁶ Department of Advertising + Public Relations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
⁸ Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Elverum, Norway.
⁹ Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
¹⁰ Centre for Climate Change Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
¹¹ Centre for Research in Communication and Culture, Department of Communication and Media, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
¹² Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
¹³ Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
¹⁴ Institute of Malaysian and International Studies, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
¹⁵ School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco.
¹⁶ Department of Science & Technology Studies, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
¹⁷ ELTE Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹⁸ School of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
¹⁹ Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
²⁰ Department of Economics, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
²¹ Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
²² Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
²³ Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
²⁴ Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
²⁵ Leibniz Institute for Psychology, Trier, Germany.
²⁶ Linde Center for Science, Society, and Policy, Division of Humanities and Social Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
²⁷ Department of Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
²⁸ Department of Physics, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya.
²⁹ Department of Psychology, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
³⁰ Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
³¹ National Institute of Science and Technology on Social and Affective Neuroscience, São Paulo, Brazil.
³² Museum of Natural Sciences 'Sabiha Kasimati', University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania.
³³ Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
³⁴ Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
³⁵ Institute of Political Science, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
³⁶ Institute for Planetary Health Behaviour, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Economics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
³⁸ Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
³⁹ Institute of Psychology, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland.
⁴⁰ Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
⁴¹ School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁴² Computer Science Department, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA, USA.
⁴³ Department of Psychology, Nantes Université, LPPL, Nantes, France.
⁴⁴ Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
⁴⁵ Department of Scientific and Innovation Culture, Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology, Madrid, Spain.
⁴⁶ Department of International and Political Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
⁴⁷ Institute of Multimedia and Interactive Systems, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
⁴⁸ Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Sociology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
⁵⁰ Department of Psychology, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
⁵¹ Network for Economic and Social Trends, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁵² Behavior in Crisis Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
⁵³ Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁵⁴ Cambridge Zero, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁵⁵ LP3C (Psychology Laboratory), Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France.
⁵⁶ TRANSOC, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁷ Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁵⁸ Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University of Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
⁵⁹ School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
⁶⁰ Harding Center for Risk Literacy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
⁶¹ Center for Sociocultural Research, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
⁶² Department of Labor and Social Policy, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
⁶³ School of Psychological Science & Public Policy Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
⁶⁴ Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁶⁵ Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁶⁶ Department of Political Science & Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
⁶⁷ Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
⁶⁸ School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁶⁹ a2i Programme of ICT Division and UNDP Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁷⁰ Department of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁷¹ Department of Political Science and International Relations, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA.
⁷² Faculty of Management and Economics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
⁷³ LMU Munich School of Management, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁷⁴ Leibniz Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany.
⁷⁵ School of Social Work, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland.
⁷⁶ Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
⁷⁷ Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁷⁸ Department of Psychology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
⁷⁹ Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁸⁰ Institute for Management & Organization, Leuphana University, Lueneburg, Germany.
⁸¹ School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸² UNSW Institute for Climate Risk & Response, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸³ Research Institute for Responsible Innovation, School of Management, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
⁸⁴ Department of Business Administration, Instituto Técnológico Autónomo de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁸⁵ School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
⁸⁶ Department of Media and Communication, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁸⁷ Department of Geography, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁸⁸ Centre for Climate and Energy Transformation, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁸⁹ Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
⁹⁰ Hixon Center for Climate and the Environment, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA, USA.
⁹¹ Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
⁹² Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politícnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁹³ Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
⁹⁴ Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
⁹⁵ School of Education, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
⁹⁶ Department of Political Science and International Relations, KIMEP University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
⁹⁷ Center for Integrated Disaster Information Research, Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁹⁸ Department of Government & Politics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁹⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
¹⁰⁰ School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
¹⁰¹ Institute of Political Science, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
¹⁰² Institute of Political Science and Sociology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
¹⁰³ Institute of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
¹⁰⁴ Graduate Institute of Journalism, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine.
¹⁰⁷ Institute of Communication Studies and Journalism, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁰⁸ Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Political Science and International Relations, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
¹¹⁰ Department of Social Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹¹¹ Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, Kulmbach, Germany.
¹¹² Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹¹³ Division of Economics, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
¹¹⁴ Faculty of Polish and Classical Philology, University of Adam Mickiewicz, Poznań, Poland.
¹¹⁵ Department of Psychology, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
¹¹⁶ Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
¹¹⁷ Department of Communication Science and Political Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
¹¹⁸ Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
¹¹⁹ Department of Communication and Internet Studies, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.
¹²⁰ Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.
¹²¹ Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹²² Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
¹²³ School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
¹²⁴ Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹²⁵ Institut Langage et Communication, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
¹²⁶ Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, La Molina, Peru.
¹²⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
¹²⁸ Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
¹²⁹ Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
¹³⁰ School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹³¹ Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.
¹³² Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France.
¹³³ Department of Communication, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany.
¹³⁴ School of Psychological and Social Sciences, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand.
¹³⁵ Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
¹³⁶ Office for Quality Assurance, Analyses and Reporting, Project EUTOPIA, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
¹³⁷ Department of Management and Supply Chain Studies, Nkumba University, Entebbe, Uganda.
¹³⁸ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
¹³⁹ Communication Arts Programme, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
¹⁴¹ Department of Management, University of Adger, Kristiansand, Norway.
¹⁴² Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada.
¹⁴³ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁴⁴ Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
¹⁴⁵ Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁴⁶ Institute of Medical Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Psychological Science, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA.
¹⁴⁸ School of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece.
¹⁵⁰ Science Studies Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁵¹ Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
¹⁵² Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁵³ Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Social Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
¹⁵⁵ Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Grenoble, France.
¹⁵⁶ Institute of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
¹⁵⁷ NOVA Institute of Communication, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
¹⁵⁸ Department of Implementation Research, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
¹⁵⁹ Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
¹⁶⁰ Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁶¹ Department of Cognitive Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
¹⁶² School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
¹⁶³ Independent Researcher, Cairo, Egypt.
¹⁶⁴ Département de Sociologie, Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
¹⁶⁵ Faculté des Sciences Sociales, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
¹⁶⁶ Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹⁶⁷ Psychology Department, TED University, Ankara, Turkey.
¹⁶⁸ Sociology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
¹⁶⁹ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
¹⁷⁰ Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁷¹ Department of Civil Law, Faculty of Law, University of Tirana, Milto Tutulani, Tirana, Albania.
¹⁷² Centre for the Politics of Feelings, University of London, London, UK.
¹⁷³ Division of Public Policy, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
¹⁷⁴ School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK.
¹⁷⁵ Molecular Haematology and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria.
¹⁷⁶ School of Arts, Media and Communiation, UCLan Cyprus, Pyla, Cyprus.
¹⁷⁷ Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹⁷⁸ Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁷⁹ Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University, Kleve, Germany.
¹⁸⁰ Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁸¹ Faculty of Philosophy and Social Science, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
¹⁸² School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
¹⁸³ School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

PMID: 39833424
PMCID: PMC7617525
DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-02090-5

Trust in scientists and their role in society across 68 countries

Viktoria Cologna et al. Nat Hum Behav. 2025 Apr.

. 2025 Apr;9(4):713-730.

doi: 10.1038/s41562-024-02090-5. Epub 2025 Jan 20.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. viktoriacologna@gmail.com.
² Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. viktoriacologna@gmail.com.
³ Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. viktoriacologna@gmail.com.
⁴ Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁵ Institute of Sociology, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁶ Department of Advertising + Public Relations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
⁸ Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Elverum, Norway.
⁹ Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
¹⁰ Centre for Climate Change Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
¹¹ Centre for Research in Communication and Culture, Department of Communication and Media, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
¹² Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
¹³ Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
¹⁴ Institute of Malaysian and International Studies, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
¹⁵ School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco.
¹⁶ Department of Science & Technology Studies, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
¹⁷ ELTE Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹⁸ School of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
¹⁹ Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
²⁰ Department of Economics, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
²¹ Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
²² Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
²³ Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
²⁴ Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
²⁵ Leibniz Institute for Psychology, Trier, Germany.
²⁶ Linde Center for Science, Society, and Policy, Division of Humanities and Social Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
²⁷ Department of Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
²⁸ Department of Physics, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya.
²⁹ Department of Psychology, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
³⁰ Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
³¹ National Institute of Science and Technology on Social and Affective Neuroscience, São Paulo, Brazil.
³² Museum of Natural Sciences 'Sabiha Kasimati', University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania.
³³ Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
³⁴ Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
³⁵ Institute of Political Science, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
³⁶ Institute for Planetary Health Behaviour, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Economics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
³⁸ Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
³⁹ Institute of Psychology, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland.
⁴⁰ Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
⁴¹ School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁴² Computer Science Department, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA, USA.
⁴³ Department of Psychology, Nantes Université, LPPL, Nantes, France.
⁴⁴ Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
⁴⁵ Department of Scientific and Innovation Culture, Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology, Madrid, Spain.
⁴⁶ Department of International and Political Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
⁴⁷ Institute of Multimedia and Interactive Systems, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
⁴⁸ Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Sociology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
⁵⁰ Department of Psychology, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
⁵¹ Network for Economic and Social Trends, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁵² Behavior in Crisis Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
⁵³ Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁵⁴ Cambridge Zero, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁵⁵ LP3C (Psychology Laboratory), Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France.
⁵⁶ TRANSOC, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁷ Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁵⁸ Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University of Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
⁵⁹ School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
⁶⁰ Harding Center for Risk Literacy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
⁶¹ Center for Sociocultural Research, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
⁶² Department of Labor and Social Policy, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
⁶³ School of Psychological Science & Public Policy Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
⁶⁴ Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁶⁵ Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁶⁶ Department of Political Science & Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
⁶⁷ Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
⁶⁸ School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁶⁹ a2i Programme of ICT Division and UNDP Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁷⁰ Department of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁷¹ Department of Political Science and International Relations, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA.
⁷² Faculty of Management and Economics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
⁷³ LMU Munich School of Management, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁷⁴ Leibniz Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany.
⁷⁵ School of Social Work, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland.
⁷⁶ Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
⁷⁷ Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁷⁸ Department of Psychology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
⁷⁹ Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁸⁰ Institute for Management & Organization, Leuphana University, Lueneburg, Germany.
⁸¹ School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸² UNSW Institute for Climate Risk & Response, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸³ Research Institute for Responsible Innovation, School of Management, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
⁸⁴ Department of Business Administration, Instituto Técnológico Autónomo de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁸⁵ School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
⁸⁶ Department of Media and Communication, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁸⁷ Department of Geography, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁸⁸ Centre for Climate and Energy Transformation, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁸⁹ Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
⁹⁰ Hixon Center for Climate and the Environment, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA, USA.
⁹¹ Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
⁹² Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politícnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁹³ Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
⁹⁴ Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
⁹⁵ School of Education, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
⁹⁶ Department of Political Science and International Relations, KIMEP University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
⁹⁷ Center for Integrated Disaster Information Research, Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁹⁸ Department of Government & Politics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁹⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
¹⁰⁰ School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
¹⁰¹ Institute of Political Science, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
¹⁰² Institute of Political Science and Sociology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
¹⁰³ Institute of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
¹⁰⁴ Graduate Institute of Journalism, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine.
¹⁰⁷ Institute of Communication Studies and Journalism, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁰⁸ Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Political Science and International Relations, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
¹¹⁰ Department of Social Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹¹¹ Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, Kulmbach, Germany.
¹¹² Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹¹³ Division of Economics, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
¹¹⁴ Faculty of Polish and Classical Philology, University of Adam Mickiewicz, Poznań, Poland.
¹¹⁵ Department of Psychology, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
¹¹⁶ Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
¹¹⁷ Department of Communication Science and Political Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
¹¹⁸ Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
¹¹⁹ Department of Communication and Internet Studies, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.
¹²⁰ Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.
¹²¹ Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹²² Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
¹²³ School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
¹²⁴ Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹²⁵ Institut Langage et Communication, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
¹²⁶ Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, La Molina, Peru.
¹²⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
¹²⁸ Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
¹²⁹ Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
¹³⁰ School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹³¹ Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.
¹³² Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France.
¹³³ Department of Communication, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany.
¹³⁴ School of Psychological and Social Sciences, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand.
¹³⁵ Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
¹³⁶ Office for Quality Assurance, Analyses and Reporting, Project EUTOPIA, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
¹³⁷ Department of Management and Supply Chain Studies, Nkumba University, Entebbe, Uganda.
¹³⁸ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
¹³⁹ Communication Arts Programme, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
¹⁴¹ Department of Management, University of Adger, Kristiansand, Norway.
¹⁴² Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada.
¹⁴³ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁴⁴ Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
¹⁴⁵ Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁴⁶ Institute of Medical Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Psychological Science, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA.
¹⁴⁸ School of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece.
¹⁵⁰ Science Studies Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁵¹ Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
¹⁵² Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁵³ Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Social Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
¹⁵⁵ Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Grenoble, France.
¹⁵⁶ Institute of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
¹⁵⁷ NOVA Institute of Communication, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
¹⁵⁸ Department of Implementation Research, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
¹⁵⁹ Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
¹⁶⁰ Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁶¹ Department of Cognitive Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
¹⁶² School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
¹⁶³ Independent Researcher, Cairo, Egypt.
¹⁶⁴ Département de Sociologie, Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
¹⁶⁵ Faculté des Sciences Sociales, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
¹⁶⁶ Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹⁶⁷ Psychology Department, TED University, Ankara, Turkey.
¹⁶⁸ Sociology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
¹⁶⁹ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
¹⁷⁰ Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁷¹ Department of Civil Law, Faculty of Law, University of Tirana, Milto Tutulani, Tirana, Albania.
¹⁷² Centre for the Politics of Feelings, University of London, London, UK.
¹⁷³ Division of Public Policy, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
¹⁷⁴ School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK.
¹⁷⁵ Molecular Haematology and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria.
¹⁷⁶ School of Arts, Media and Communiation, UCLan Cyprus, Pyla, Cyprus.
¹⁷⁷ Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹⁷⁸ Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁷⁹ Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University, Kleve, Germany.
¹⁸⁰ Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁸¹ Faculty of Philosophy and Social Science, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
¹⁸² School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
¹⁸³ School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

PMID: 39833424
PMCID: PMC7617525
DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-02090-5

Abstract

Science is crucial for evidence-based decision-making. Public trust in scientists can help decision makers act on the basis of the best available evidence, especially during crises. However, in recent years the epistemic authority of science has been challenged, causing concerns about low public trust in scientists. We interrogated these concerns with a preregistered 68-country survey of 71,922 respondents and found that in most countries, most people trust scientists and agree that scientists should engage more in society and policymaking. We found variations between and within countries, which we explain with individual- and country-level variables, including political orientation. While there is no widespread lack of trust in scientists, we cannot discount the concern that lack of trust in scientists by even a small minority may affect considerations of scientific evidence in policymaking. These findings have implications for scientists and policymakers seeking to maintain and increase trust in scientists.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Fig. 1. Weighted means for trust in scientists across countries and regions (1 = very low, 3 = neither high nor low, 5 = very high).**
Total n = 69,527. Country ns range between 312 and 8,014 (see Supplementary Information for a detailed overview). The vertical line denotes the weighted grand mean. The horizontal lines indicate means ± standard errors. Country-level standard errors range between 0.008 and 0.133.

Fig. 2. Standardized estimates of weighted blockwise multilevel regression models testing the association of trust in scientists with demographic characteristics, ideological views, attitudes towards science and country-level indicators (random intercepts across countries).
The dots indicate point estimates of fixed effects, and the horizontal lines indicate 95% CIs based on two-sided t-tests. Estimates for gender (male) indicate the association of identifying as male and trust in scientists, where 0 = female and 1 = male. Estimates for education (tertiary) indicate the association of having tertiary education and trust in scientists, where 0 = no tertiary education and 1 = tertiary education. Estimates for residence place (urban) indicate the association of living in an urban vs rural place of residence, where 0 = rural and 1 = urban. Estimates for political orientation (right) indicate the association of right-leaning vs left-leaning political orientation and trust in scientists, where 1 = strongly left-leaning and 5 = strongly right-leaning. Estimates for political orientation (conservative) indicate the association of conservative vs liberal political orientation and trust in scientists, where 1 = strongly liberal and 5 = strongly conservative. Bold indicates effects significant at P < 0.05. Block 1 uses data from all 68 countries, block 2 uses data from 67 countries (all except Malaysia, where SDO was not measured), block 3 uses data from 66 countries (all except Malaysia and Mexico, where willingness to be vulnerable to science was not measured) and block 4 uses data from 51 countries (all except those where PISA’s literacy scores were not available; Supplementary Information). The full regression results are reported in Supplementary Table 2. The results of exploratory analyses with individual trust dimensions are reported in Supplementary Figs. 4–7. GDP, gross domestic product; Govt, government.

**Fig. 3. Relationship of political orientation measures and trust in scientists.**
a,b, Standardized country-level effects of political orientation (in a, 1 = strongly left-leaning to 5 = strongly right-leaning; in b, 1 = strongly liberal to 5 = strongly conservative) on trust in scientists (1 = very low, 3 = neither high nor low, 5 = very high). These effects are sums of the grand effect for political orientation across all countries and the random effect within each country; they were estimated with weighted linear multilevel regressions that contained random intercepts and random slopes for political orientation (left–right in a and liberal–conservative in b) across countries. These models control for demographic characteristics. Two-sided t-tests of the estimates used percentile bootstrapping. Countries with significant country-level effects (P < 0.05) are displayed in colours. Countries coloured in shades of blue show a positive country-level association of left-leaning (a) or liberal (b) orientation and trust in scientists (that is, right-leaning people or conservatives have lower trust). Countries coloured in shades of red show a positive country-level association of right-leaning (a) or conservative (b) orientation and trust in scientists (that is, left-leaning people or liberals have lower trust). Countries with non-significant effects are shaded in dark grey. Countries with no available data are shaded in light grey.

**Fig. 4. Normative perceptions of scientists in society and policymaking.**
Normative perceptions of scientists in society and policymaking using weighted response probabilities.

**Fig. 5. Perceived research priorities for four goals of scientific research and desired research priorities.**
The grey horizontal lines indicate the discrepancy between perceived research priorities (“Science aims to tackle this goal”; blue) and desired priorities (“Scientists should prioritize this goal”; red). The P values indicate the results of weighted paired-samples, two-sided t-tests for significant differences between perceived priorities and desired priorities.

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References

1. Algan, Y., Cohen, D., Davoine, E., Foucault, M. & Stantcheva, S. Trust in scientists in times of pandemic: panel evidence from 12 countries. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA118, e2108576118 (2021). - PMC - PubMed
1. Sturgis, P., Brunton-Smith, I. & Jackson, J. Trust in science, social consensus and vaccine confidence. Nat. Hum. Behav.5, 1528–1534 (2021). - PubMed
1. Cologna, V. & Siegrist, M. The role of trust for climate change mitigation and adaptation behaviour: a meta-analysis. J. Environ. Psychol.69, 101428 (2020).
1. Cologna, V., Hoogendoorn, G. & Brick, C. To strike or not to strike? An investigation of the determinants of strike participation at the Fridays for Future climate strikes in Switzerland. PLoS ONE16, e0257296 (2021). - PMC - PubMed
1. IPSOS Global Trustworthiness Monitor: Stability in an Unstable World (IPSOS, 2022).

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Trust in scientists and their role in society across 68 countries

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Trust in scientists and their role in society across 68 countries

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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