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. 2025 Jan 21;25(1):251.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-21467-3.

Over a decade of HIV infection prevalence and incidence among Mozambican pregnant women: a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data

Anete Mendes-Muxlhanga  1 , Arsénio Nhacolo  1 , Antia Figueroa-Romero  2   3 , Maura Mazuze  1 , Alfredo Mayor  1   2   3   4 , Anifa Vala  1 , Esperança Sevene  1   4 , Aleny Couto  5 , Namita Eliseu  5 , Llorenç Quintó  1   2   3 , Gloria Matabisso  1 , Eusebio Macete  1 , Paula Vaz  6 , Pedro Alonso  7 , Clara Menendez  1   2   3 , Raquel González #  1   2   3   7 , Tacilta Nhampossa #  8   9   10
Affiliations

Over a decade of HIV infection prevalence and incidence among Mozambican pregnant women: a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data

Anete Mendes-Muxlhanga et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Monitoring HIV infection estimates is critical to guide health interventions and assess their impact, especially in highly vulnerable groups to the infection such as African pregnant women. This study describes the trends of HIV infection over eleven years in women attending selected antenatal care (ANC) clinics from southern Mozambique.

Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of data registered at the ANC clinic of the Manhiça District Hospital and from the Ministry of Health's HIV National Program Registry between 2010 and 2021. HIV incidence was calculated using prevalence estimates. HIV incidence trends over time were obtained by fitting splines regression model.

Results: Data from 21,810 pregnant women were included in the analysis. Overall HIV prevalence was 29.3% (95% CI: 28.7-29.9), with a reduction from 28.2% (95% CI: 25.6-30.8) in 2010 to 21.7% (95% CI: 19.8-23.6) in 2021, except for a peak in prevalence (35.3%, 95% CI: 30.1-40.8) in 2016. Over the study period, by maternal age group, the largest reduction in HIV prevalence was in the 15-20 year-old group [62% reduction, from 14.3% (95% CI 10.8-18.4) to 5.3% (95% CI: 3.6-7.5)], followed by the 20-25 year old group [43% reduction, from 29.0% (95% CI: 24.2-34.5) to 16.6% (95% CI: 13.6-19.8)] and the 25-30 year old group [13% reduction, from 36.9% (95% CI: 31.0-43.1) to 32.0% (95% CI: 27.3-37.0)] (p < 0.001). Incidence of HIV infection increased from 12.75 per 100 person-years in 2010 to 18.65 per 100 person-years in 2018, and then decreased to 11.48 per 100 person-years in 2021.

Conclusions: The prevalence of HIV decreased while the overall incidence stayed similar in Mozambican pregnant women, during 2010 to 2021. However, both estimates remain unacceptably high, which indicates the need to revise current preventive policies and implement effective ones to improve HIV control among pregnant women.

Keywords: HIV; Incidence; Manhiça, Mozambique; Pregnancy; Prevalence.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All studies included in this analysis were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and have received ethical approval by The National Bioethics Committee of Mozambique (147/CNBS/08; 80/CNBS/16 and 504/CNBS/18) and the Ethic Committee of the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (Spain). Within the studies, after informing the pregnant women about the study objectives and methods, women consented for their participation, by signing a written informed consent. One copy of the consent form was handled to the participant. The Ministry of Health (MoH) approved the use of data collected through the HIV National Program Registry. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Proportion of pregnant women living with HIV at the ANC Manhiça District per year and timing of implementation of HIV control interventions and SARS-COV II pandemic during 2010—2021
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Proportion of pregnant women living with HIV at the ANC per year at the Manhiça District by age group during 2010—2021
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
HIV incidence estimate for individuals aged [15–50) and timing of implementation of HIV control interventions and SARS-COV II pandemic during 2010 – 2021
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
HIV incidence prediction model employed to estimate incidence for the period 2012–2015, since the MoH's National HIV Program Registry routine dataset lacked information on women's ages
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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