Supine Blood Pressure and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality

Abstract

Importance: Nocturnal hypertension while asleep is associated with substantial increases in risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death. Whether hypertension while supine is a risk factor associated with CVD independent of seated hypertension remains unknown.

Objective: To investigate the association between supine hypertension and CVD outcomes and by hypertension treatment status.

Design, setting, and participants: This prospective cohort study used data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, which was established in 1987 to examine cardiovascular risk factors among middle-aged adults from 4 communities in the US. Supine and seated blood pressure were measured in more than 13 000 middle-aged adults with longitudinal surveillance for CVD over 27 years. Participants with a history of coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, or stroke were excluded. Data were analyzed from May 2023 through December 2024.

Exposures: Supine hypertension (supine systolic blood pressure ≥130 or diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mm Hg) with and without seated hypertension (seated systolic blood pressure ≥130 or diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mm Hg).

Main outcomes and measures: Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for CVD risk factors were performed to investigate the association of supine hypertension with and without seated hypertension with incident CHD, heart failure, stroke, fatal CHD, and all-cause mortality.

Results: Of 11 369 participants without known CVD (6332 female [55.7%] and 5037 male [44.3%]; 2858 Black [25.1%] and 8511 White [74.9%]; mean [SD] age 53.9 [5.7] years]), 16.4% (95% CI, 15.5%-17.2%) of those without seated hypertension had supine hypertension and 73.5% (95% CI, 72.2%-74.8%) of those with seated hypertension had supine hypertension. Supine hypertension was associated with incident CHD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.60; 95% CI, 1.45-1.76), heart failure (HR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.68-2.01), stroke (HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.63-2.13), fatal CHD (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.84-2.59), and all-cause mortality (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.35-1.52) during a median (25th, 75th percentile) follow-up of 25.7 (15.4, 30.4) years, 26.9 (17.6, 30.5) years, 27.6 (18.5, 30.6 years), 28.3 (20.5, 30.7) years, and 28.3 (20.5 years, 30.7) years, respectively. There were no meaningful differences by seated hypertension status. Results were similar by hypertension medication use. Participants with supine hypertension alone had risk associations similar to those of participants with hypertension in both positions and significantly greater than those of participants with seated hypertension alone with the exception of fatal CHD; seated vs supine HRs were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.61-0.85) for CHD, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.60-0.85) for heart failure, 0.66 (95% CI, 0.51-0.86) for stroke, and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.74-0.92) for all-cause mortality.

Conclusions and relevance: Supine hypertension regardless of seated hypertension had a higher HR for CVD risk than seated hypertension alone. Future research should evaluate supine hypertension in the setting of nocturnal hypertension and as an independent target of blood pressure treatment.