New formulation of ibuprofen-arginate reduces oxidative stress and prevents macrophage polarization toward M1 phenotype

Abstract

A hypertonic solution of Ibuprofen (Ibu) was designed to nebulize, associating a low concentration of Ibu with L-Arginine (AR), to increase solubility and serve as a nitric oxide donor. To provide preclinical research human bronchial epithelial cells derived from a cystic fibrosis patient homozygous for the ΔF508 CFTR mutation (CFBE41o-) and mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages were pre-treated with Ibu (10-100 μM), AR (20 and 200 μM), or the combination Ibu-AR (10-100 μM). After Angiotensin II (AngII) or LPS/Interferon ϒ (IFN) stimulation, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, Nitric Oxide (NO) formation, and the expression of inflammatory markers were determined. Ibu-AR (10/20 μM) significantly reduced ROS generation stimulated by AngII (p < 0.01) in CFBE41o- cells preserved the NO pathway and inhibited LPS-stimulated nitrite generation (p < 0.001). In macrophages, the combination Ibu-Ar, in a ratio of 1:2-1:6, efficiently scavenged excessive ROS generated by LPS, and significantly induced NO generation (p < 0.001), but inhibited nitrite formation. In LPS/IFNϒ-activated Raw, gene signature of M1polarization including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), NADPH Oxidase 2 (NOX-2), MCP-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were significantly downregulated by Ibu-AR, as well TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS protein expressions. The inhibitory effect produced by Ibu-AR on M1 macrophages was associated with the inhibition of p-ERK1/2 and p-STAT3. Ibu-AR represents an effective therapeutic strategy for reducing oxidative stress, preserving NO bioavailability, and modulating inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases.

Keywords: Arginine; Inflammation; NSAIDs; Nitric oxide; Oxidative stress.