Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Jan;12(1):e70122.
doi: 10.1002/nop2.70122.

Non-Pharmacological Interventions Before Cataract Surgery for Preoperative Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Mahsan Nabighadim  1 , Mojgan Mirghafourvand  2 , Mahsa Maghalian  3   4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Non-Pharmacological Interventions Before Cataract Surgery for Preoperative Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Mahsan Nabighadim et al. Nurs Open. 2025 Jan.

Abstract

Aim: The present study was conducted to determine the effect of non-pharmacological interventions before cataract surgery on preoperative anxiety.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods: Five databases were systematically searched until 9 June, 2024. The risk of bias was evaluated using the ROBIN-I instrument for non-randomised studies and risk of bias 1 (ROB1) for RCTs. For cases with heterogeneity, random effects, rather than fixed effects, were reported, and subgroup analysis was performed based on the type of intervention. The investigation of publication bias was done in the form of a funnel plot, the Egger regression test and the Trim-and-Fill test. Meta-regression analysis was performed to examine the impact of possible confounding factors on the effect size. Sensitivity analysis evaluated the robustness of our findings by excluding quasi-experimental studies and applying the Knapp-Hartung method to assess their influence on the overall results.

Results: A random-effects meta-analysis of 22 studies and 1998 participants revealed that non-pharmacological interventions (back massage, hand massage, foot massage, music, educational video, patient education, aromatherapy and relaxation techniques) significantly reduced mean preoperative anxiety compared to the control group. The subgroup analysis indicated that all interventions were effective in reducing preoperative anxiety; however, hand and foot massage did not yield significant effects. Meta-regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the percentages of women with effect size. The sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of non-pharmacological interventions, while the Knapp-Hartung method maintained the overall effect size but indicated wider confidence intervals. More high-quality research is needed to validate these interventions and establish clearer guidelines.

Patient or public contribution: No Patient or Public Contribution.

Keywords: phacoemulsification; preoperative anxiety; surgery.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Flow diagram of the systematic literature search.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Risk of bias summary: Review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Risk of bias graph: Authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
The effect of non‐pharmacological interventions before cataract surgery versus control on preoperative anxiety.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Assessment of the publication bias for preoperative anxiety (Funnel plot).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Abate, S. M. , Chekol Y. A., and Basu B.. 2020. “Global Prevalence and Determinants of Preoperative Anxiety Among Surgical Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis.” International Journal of Surgery Open 25: 6–16. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Achar, A. , Talwar B., Kumar A., and Addanki P. S.. 2021. “Effect of Traditional Raga Therapy on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Level in Preoperative Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgeries.” MAMC Journal of Medical Sciences 7: 251–253.
    1. Agüero‐Millan, B. , Abajas‐Bustillo R., and Ortego‐Maté C.. 2023. “Efficacy of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in Preoperative Anxiety: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews.” Journal of Clinical Nursing 32: 6229–6242. 10.1111/jocn.16755. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ahmed, K. J. , Pilling J. D., Ahmed K., and Buchan J.. 2019. “Effect of a Patient‐Information Video on the Preoperative Anxiety Levels of Cataract Surgery Patients.” Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 45: 475–479. - PubMed
    1. Almutary, H. , and Almashi A.. 2024. “Preoperative Patient Education: Perceptions and Actual Practice Among Nurses Working in Surgical Units.” SAGE Open Nursing 10: 23779608231226090. - PMC - PubMed