Reversing Decline in Aging Muscles: Expected Trends, Impacts and Remedies

Abstract

Background: Age-related decline in musculoskeletal function is a significant concern, particularly in Western countries facing demographic shifts and increased healthcare demands. This review examines the typical trajectories of musculoskeletal deterioration with age and evaluates the effectiveness of various interventions in preventing or reversing these changes. Methods: The review analyzes documented rates of decline across multiple parameters, including muscle mass, Type II muscle fiber reduction, and decreased motor unit firing rates. It examines evidence from studies on targeted interventions aimed at reversing these trends or preventing further decline. Results: The evidence suggests that multimodal interventions, including strength training can effectively maintain or improve physical function in aging adults. These interventions have shown potential in altering the trajectory of age-related decline in musculoskeletal function. Conclusions. The findings of this review have important implications for healthcare providers and policymakers in addressing the challenges of an aging population. By providing a framework for understanding and addressing age-related physical decline through evidence-based interventions, this review offers potential strategies for reducing healthcare costs and improving the quality of life for older adults.

Keywords: cardiovascular fitness; cognitive function; healthy aging; longevity interventions; metabolic health; musculoskeletal strength; physical performance tests; quality of life in older people.

Figure 1

Declining skeletal muscle performance in older people. Diagram by Tim Goheen, Associate Professor, Ohio University School of Visual Communication. Reproduced from [9] under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, accessed on December 10, 2024).