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. 2025 Jan 23;22(1):11.
doi: 10.1186/s12984-025-01555-6.

Plantar sensation associates with gait instability in older adults

Jason R Franz  1 , Andrew D Shelton  2 , Kota Z Takahashi  3 , Jessica L Allen  4
Affiliations

Plantar sensation associates with gait instability in older adults

Jason R Franz et al. J Neuroeng Rehabil. .

Abstract

Background: Advanced age brings a loss of plantar sensation, represented, for example, as higher sensation thresholds in standardized testing. This is thought to contribute to an increased risk of falls among older adults - an intuitive premise that has yet to be fully investigated, especially in the context of walking balance. The purpose of this study was to quantify the association between plantar sensation and the instability elicited by a suite of walking balance perturbations that differ in direction and context in a cohort of n = 28 older adults (73.0 ± 5.9 yrs).

Methods: We measured plantar sensation using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments and quantified margins of stability (MoS) and whole-body angular momentum (WBAM) during habitual walking and in response to optical flow perturbations, lateral waist-pull perturbations, and treadmill-induced slips.

Results: Our two major results were that higher monofilament thresholds (i.e., worse plantar sensation) in older adults associated with: (1) larger anterior-posterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) MoS and increased transverse plane WBAM (p ≤ 0.031) during habitual walking, and (2) larger decreases in MoSAP, MoSML and larger increases in transverse plane WBAM in response to lateral waist pull perturbations (p ≤ 0.018). We found no associations between plantar sensation and responses to other perturbation contexts.

Conclusions: We conclude that there is an association between worse plantar sensation and gait instability, both during habitual unperturbed walking and in response to some perturbation contexts. These results should build confidence that interventions designed to improve plantar sensation for older adults, possibly through insoles or footwear modifications, could be critical for reducing gait-related falls in at-risk populations.

Keywords: Angular momentum; Balance; Falls; Margin of stability; Monofilaments.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the UNC Biomedical Sciences Institutional Review board and written informed consent was provided by all participants (IRB# 20–0555). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Summary of our experimental protocol and methodological approach
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Range of whole-body angular momentum during (A) habitual walking and (B) in response to lateral waist-pull perturbations (change from habitual walking). Values shown are normalized to body mass (kg), height (m), and walking speed (m/s)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Margins of stability during habitual walking in the (A) anterior-posterior and (B) mediolateral directions as well as (C) in response to lateral waist-pull perturbations (change from habitual walking) reported in cm
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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