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. 2025 Jan 8;15(1):6.
doi: 10.3390/ejihpe15010006.

Unlocking Patient Resistance to AI in Healthcare: A Psychological Exploration

Abu Elnasr E Sobaih  1 , Asma Chaibi  2 , Riadh Brini  3 , Tamer Mohamed Abdelghani Ibrahim  4
Affiliations

Unlocking Patient Resistance to AI in Healthcare: A Psychological Exploration

Abu Elnasr E Sobaih et al. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. .

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed healthcare, yet patients' acceptance of AI-driven medical services remains constrained. Despite its significant potential, patients exhibit reluctance towards this technology. A notable lack of comprehensive research exists that examines the variables driving patients' resistance to AI. This study explores the variables influencing patients' resistance to adopt AI technology in healthcare by applying an extended Ram and Sheth Model. More specifically, this research examines the roles of the need for personal contact (NPC), perceived technological dependence (PTD), and general skepticism toward AI (GSAI) in shaping patient resistance to AI integration. For this reason, a sequential mixed-method approach was employed, beginning with semi-structured interviews to identify adaptable factors in healthcare. It then followed with a survey to validate the qualitative findings through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via AMOS (version 24). The findings confirm that NPC, PTD, and GSAI significantly contribute to patient resistance to AI in healthcare. Precisely, patients who prefer personal interaction, feel dependent on AI, or are skeptical of AI's promises are more likely to resist its adoption. The findings highlight the psychological factors driving patient reluctance toward AI in healthcare, offering valuable insights for healthcare administrators. Strategies to balance AI's efficiency with human interaction, mitigate technological dependence, and foster trust are recommended for successful implementation of AI. This research adds to the theoretical understanding of Innovation Resistance Theory, providing both conceptual insights and practical implications for the effective incorporation of AI in healthcare.

Keywords: AI in healthcare; artificial intelligence (AI); patient resistance; perceived technological dependence; psychological variables; skepticism toward AI.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Interview guideline adopted in this study.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The conceptual model.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Structural model.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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