The association of visceral and subcutaneous fat areas with phenotypic age in non-elderly adults, mediated by HOMA-IR and HDL-C

Abstract

Background: Ageing results in diminished adaptability, as well as declines in physiological and psychological functions and resilience. The epigenetic clock 'Phenotypic Age' (PhenoAge) represents 'preclinical ageing'. Phenotypic Age Acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel) is defined as the residual from a linear regression model predicting PhenoAge on the basis of chronological age. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have all been shown to correlate with ageing; however, the connections between these factors and PhenoAge are still insufficiently investigated.

Methods: Data for this study were sourced from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015-2018), comprising 2580 participants. Complex survey designs were considered. To examine the association between body fat area and PhenoAgeAccel, logistic regression was applied. Additionally, subgroup analysis was used to identify variations in population characteristics. The dose‒response relationship between body fat area and PhenoAgeAccel was determined via restricted cubic spline analysis. Mediation and interaction analyses were further employed to investigate the roles of the HOMA-IR and HDL-C in this association.

Results: In nonelderly adults, the relationships between body fat area and PhenoAgeAccel differed chronological age. For abdominal subcutaneous fat area (SFA), this relationship was nonlinear in individuals aged 18-44 years and 45-59 years, with thresholds of 2.969 m² and 3.394 m², respectively. In contrast, a nonlinear relationship of visceral fat area (VFA) with PhenoAgeAccel was observed in individuals aged 18-44 years, while this relationship was linear in individuals aged 45-59 years, with thresholds of 0.769 m² and 1.220 m², respectively. Mediation effect analysis revealed that the HOMA-IR had a more pronounced mediation effect in individuals aged 18-44 years, accounting for 13.4% of the relationship between VFA and PhenoAgeAccel and 6.9% of the relationship between SFA and PhenoAgeAccel. Conversely, HDL-C had a greater mediating effect in individuals aged 45-59 years, accounting for 21.7% of the relationship between VFA and PhenoAgeAccel and 11.6% of the relationship between abdominal SFA and PhenoAgeAccel. HOMA-IR ≥ 2.73 or VFA > 0.925 m², as well as HOMA-IR ≥ 2.73 or abdominal SFA > 3.137 m², accelerated PhenoAge, whereas 1.60 < HDL-C ≤ 3.90 mmol/L combined with abdominal SFA ≤ 3.137 m² or VFA ≤ 0.925 m² decelerated PhenoAge.

Conclusion: In this study, the nonlinear relationships among abdominal SFA, VFA, and PhenoAgeAccel were elucidated, while characteristic thresholds across different age groups were identified. The results of this study emphasize the complex influence of fat distribution on the ageing process and refine the roles of HOMA-IR and HDL-C in various age cohorts. These findings provide a biological basis for future screening for accelerated ageing and appropriate intervention in high-risk populations and offer valuable insights for guiding personalized clinical interventions and health management strategies.

Keywords: Adipose tissue; Biological ageing; Senescence; Subcutaneous fat; Visceral fat.

Fig. 1

Flowchart

Fig. 2

Calculation formula

Fig. 3

Subgroup analysis. Each stratification was analyzed after making adjustments for age, gender, race, exercise, alcohol use, smoking status, marital status, education level, income, HbA1c, and histories of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. (except the stratification factor itself.) All analyses accounted for complex survey designs

Fig. 4

The dose-response relationship between body fat area and PhenoAgeAccel. Values corresponding to the vertical line indicate the body fat area when OR is equal to 1. (A). The dose-response relationship between VFA and PhenoAgeAccel stratified by chronological age. (B). The dose-response relationship between abdominal SFA and PhenoAgeAccel stratified by chronological age. Data were adjusted for factors including age, gender, race, physical activity, alcohol use, smoking status, marital status, education level, income, HbA1c, and histories of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. All analyses accounted for complex survey designs

Fig. 5

Mediation effect analysis. (A). The mediation effect of HOMA-IR between body fat area and PhenoAgeAccel aged 18-59years. (B). The mediation effect of HDL-C between body fat area and PhenoAgeAccel aged 18-59years

Fig. 6

The joint association of body fat area and HOMA-IR with PhenoAgeAccel. All models were adjusted for factors including age, gender, race, physical activity, alcohol use, smoking status, marital status, education level, income, HbA1c, and histories of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease

Fig. 7

The joint association of body fat area and HDL-C with PhenoAgeAccel. Q1: 0.16 ≤ HDL-C < 1.09mmol/L; Q2: 1.09 ≤ HDL-C < 1.32mmol/L; Q3: 1.32 ≤ HDL-C < 1.60mmol/L; Q4: 1.60 ≤ HDL-C < 3.90mmol/L. All models were adjusted for factors including age, gender, race, physical activity, alcohol use, smoking status, marital status, education level, income, HbA1c, and histories of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease