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. 2025 Jan 14;14(2):502.
doi: 10.3390/jcm14020502.

Early and Mid-Term Outcomes of Isolated Type 2 Endoleak Refractory to an Embolization Procedure

Francesca Miceli  1 , Ada Dajci  1 , Alessia Di Girolamo  1 , Piergiorgio Nardis  2 , Marta Ascione  1 , Rocco Cangiano  1 , Roberto Gattuso  1 , Antonio Sterpetti  1 , Luca di Marzo  1 , Wassim Mansour  1
Affiliations

Early and Mid-Term Outcomes of Isolated Type 2 Endoleak Refractory to an Embolization Procedure

Francesca Miceli et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

Introduction: A type 2 endoleak (EL2) remains the most prevalent complication of endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) for an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center analysis, including patients who underwent embolization for an isolated EL2 after EVAR. The study population was stratified into two groups: Group A, consisting of patients whose EL2 resolved after the first embolization procedure, and Group B, consisting of those with refractory EL2 (rEL2). The indication for EL2 treatment was aneurysmal sac growth amounting to >10 mm from the index EVAR. The indications for endograft explantation were the absence of high comorbidities and persisting aneurysmal sac expansion. Those with high comorbidities were subjected to another endovascular procedure or a conservative approach, the latter being preferred. The primary endpoint was EL2 resolution. The secondary endpoints were mid-term outcomes in terms of aneurysmal sac shrinkage, stability and expansion rates, and aneurysm-related complications. Results: Among 57 patients, 19 patients (33.3%) showed signs of EL2 after the first embolization, whereas 38 (66.6%) presented rEL2. Of these, 14 (36.8%) presented significant aneurysmal sac expansion: 8 patients underwent a secondary embolization, while an open conversion was performed in the remaining 6 patients (42.8%), 4 of whom, in an elective setting, showed a complete resolution of EL2, while 2 patients treated in an urgent setting died from a ruptured aneurysm. Among the patients treated with a secondary embolization, only 2 patients presented EL2 resolution, while the other 6 patients (75%) showed rEL2. Out of the 38 patients with rEL2, 24 patients did not undergo further interventions; of these, 11 (45.8%) presented sac expansion, and 16% developed type IA EL. Conclusions: A strict follow-up and possibly a more aggressive treatment should be considered in an elective setting for patients with rEL2.

Keywords: AAA; EVAR; complication; endograft explantation; endoleak; endovascular surgery; endovascular technologies; refractory endoleak type II; vascular and endovascular medicine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scatter plot illustrating the change in aneurysmal sac diameter following the first embolization procedures over time. Each point represents the diameter change in millimeters at the recorded follow-up time in months for individual patients. Negative values indicate a reduction in sac diameter, whereas positive values represent an increase.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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