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Review
. 2025 Jan 10;14(1):55.
doi: 10.3390/pathogens14010055.

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus and Avian Metapneumovirus: A Comprehensive Review

Jongsuk Mo  1 , Jongseo Mo  2
Affiliations
Review

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus and Avian Metapneumovirus: A Comprehensive Review

Jongsuk Mo et al. Pathogens. .

Erratum in

Abstract

Respiratory avian viral diseases significantly impact the world poultry sector, leading to notable economic losses. The highly contagious DNA virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and the RNA virus, avian metapneumovirus, are well known for their prevalent effects on avian respiratory systems. The infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), stemming from the Herpesviridae family, manifests as an upper respiratory disease within birds. Characterized by acute respiratory signs, it sporadically emerges worldwide, presenting a persistent threat to poultry health. Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), belonging to the Pneumoviridae family is identified as the cause behind severe rhinotracheitis in turkeys and swollen head syndrome in chickens. This disease can lead to heightened mortality rates, especially when coupled with secondary bacterial infections. This review offers a comprehensive analysis and understanding of the general properties of these specific avian respiratory viruses, control measures, and their global status.

Keywords: avian metapneumovirus; herpesvirus; infectious laryngotracheitis virus; pneumovirus.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The viral structure of ILTV. (a) A schematic diagram of ILTV. (b) The genome of ILTV. (Created in https://mindthegraph.com/ (16 September 2024)).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The viral structure of aMPV. (a) A schematic diagram of aMPV. (b) The genome of aMPV; N: Nucleoprotein, P: Phosphoprotein, M: Matrix protein, F: Fusion protein, M2: Second matrix protein, SH: Small hydrophobic protein, G: Attachment protein, L: Large polymerase protein (Created in https://mindthegraph.com/ (16 September 2024)).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The infection route and dissemination patterns of ILTV (created in https://BioRender.com (28 September 2024)).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The infection route and dissemination patterns of aMPV (created in https://BioRender.com (27 September 2024)).
Figure 5
Figure 5
The global distribution of ILTV (data from Menendez et al. [6] included) (created in https://BioRender.com (29 August 2024)).
Figure 6
Figure 6
The global distribution of aMPV (created in https://BioRender.com (29 August 2024).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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