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Review
. 2025 Jan 8;17(2):220.
doi: 10.3390/nu17020220.

Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity-State of the Art: A Five-Year Narrative Review

Francesca Manza  1   2 , Lisa Lungaro  1 , Anna Costanzini  1 , Fabio Caputo  1 , Antonio Carroccio  3   4 , Pasquale Mansueto  4 , Aurelio Seidita  3   4   5 , Suneil A Raju  2 , Umberto Volta  6 , Roberto De Giorgio  1 , David S Sanders  2 , Giacomo Caio  1   7
Affiliations
Review

Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity-State of the Art: A Five-Year Narrative Review

Francesca Manza et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Background: Non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGWS) is a syndrome for which pathogenesis and management remain debated. It is described as a condition characterized by gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms rapidly occurring after gluten ingestion in subjects who have had celiac disease or wheat allergy excluded. To date, the diagnosis of NCGWS is challenging as no universally recognized biomarkers have been yet identified, nor has a predisposing genetic profile been described. However, the research is moving fast, and new data regarding pathogenic pathways, patients' classification, potential candidate biomarkers, and dietary interventions are emerging. Methods: This literature review aims to address the state of the art and summarize the latest updates in this field from 2019 to date. Results and Conclusions: Clinical studies regarding NCGWS in the last five years are reported to shed light on this complex condition and to guide specialists towards a more in-depth, prompt, and objective diagnosis.

Keywords: NCGWS; gluten; gluten-free diet; non-celiac gluten sensitivity; non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1
Methodology and studies characteristics.
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