Hepatic Encephalopathy: When Lactulose and Rifaximin Are Not Working

Affiliations

¹ Roger Williams Institute of Liver Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. Electronic address: victoria.t.kronsten@kcl.ac.uk.
² Roger Williams Institute of Liver Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
³ Lancashire, United Kingdom.
⁴ Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
⁵ Roger Williams Institute of Liver Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Liver Intensive Care Unit, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.

Victoria T Kronsten et al. Gastroenterology. 2025 Jun.

. 2025 Jun;168(6):1076-1084.e1.

doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2025.01.010. Epub 2025 Jan 24.

¹ Roger Williams Institute of Liver Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. Electronic address: victoria.t.kronsten@kcl.ac.uk.
² Roger Williams Institute of Liver Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
³ Lancashire, United Kingdom.
⁴ Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
⁵ Roger Williams Institute of Liver Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Liver Intensive Care Unit, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.