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. 2025 Jan 26;25(1):43.
doi: 10.1186/s12890-024-03468-x.

Risk factors for disease progression and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based cohort study

Raymond N Kuo  1   2 , Wanchi Chen  3 , Wen-Yi Shau  4   5
Affiliations

Risk factors for disease progression and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based cohort study

Raymond N Kuo et al. BMC Pulm Med. .

Abstract

Background: Since 2021, COVID-19 has had a substantial impact on global health and continues to contribute to serious health outcomes. In Taiwan, most research has focused on hospitalized patients or mortality cases, leaving important gaps in understanding the broader effects of the disease and identifying individuals at high risk. This study aims to investigate the risk factors for disease progression through a nationwide population-based cohort study on COVID-19 in Taiwan.

Methods: This study included 15,056 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2021, using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Baseline and clinical characteristics were collected to verify the association with progression to severity outcomes, including hospital admission, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, invasive ventilatory support, fatal outcome, and the composite outcome of these four events. Patients were observed for 30 days for disease progression. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each outcome, adjusting for age, sex, region, risk factors, and vaccination status.

Results: Overall, 8,169 patients diagnosed during outpatient visits and 6,887 patients diagnosed during hospitalization were analyzed. Adjusting for age, sex, region, risk factors, and vaccination status, elderly patients had higher risks of hospital admission, ICU admission, invasive ventilatory support, fatal outcome, and composite outcome. Specifically, the risk of the fatal outcome was significantly higher for patients aged 75-84 (odds ratio: 6.11, 95% CI: 4.75-7.87) and those aged 85 years and older (12.70, 9.48-17.02). Patients with cardiovascular disease exhibited higher risks of hospital admission (1.60, 1.31-1.96), ICU admission (1.52, 1.31-1.78), invasive ventilatory support (1.57, 1.26-1.96), and fatal outcomes (1.26, 1.03-1.54) and the composite outcome (1.66, 1.20-1.54). Diabetes mellitus was identified as a significant risk factor for all clinical outcomes (hospital admission: 1.89, 1.53-2.35; ICU admission: 1.53, 1.30-1.79; invasive ventilatory support: 1.27, 1.01-1.60; the composite outcome: 1.45, 1.28-1.66), except for the fatal outcome.

Conclusions: This study indicated the impact of sex, age, and risk factors on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients in Taiwan. Elderly patients and those with cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus had higher risks for severe outcomes, including hospitalization, ICU admission, invasive ventilatory support, and mortality. These findings can provide evidence for a better understanding of risk factors for disease progression and inform targeted intervention.

Keywords: COVID-19; Outcomes; Risk factors; Severity; Taiwan.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval: This study received approval from the Joint Institutional Review Board of the Medical Research Ethical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan (approval number No. 23-S-011-1). Consent for publication: All authors agreed with the publication. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Data sharing statement: This study is based on data from the National Health Insurance Research Database provided by the National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA), Ministry of Health and Welfare, and managed by the Health and Welfare Data Science Center (HWDC). The authors do not own the datasets and cannot prevent access to them. Some restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study and are not publicly available. Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process: While preparing this work, the authors used Grammarly © and ChatGPT 4 ONLY for spelling check and editing. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the publication’s content.

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