Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Dec 30;11(1):e41571.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41571. eCollection 2025 Jan 15.

Knockdown resistance (kdr)-associated organochlorine resistance in mosquito-borne diseases (Culex pipiens): A systematic review and meta-analysis

Ebrahim Abbasi  1   2 , Salman Daliri  1 , Asghar Talbalaghi  2 , Fatemeh Mehrpouya  3 , Maryam Hasanzadeh Arab  3 , Atena Aslvaeli  3 , Mohammad Djaefar Moemenbellah-Fard  1   2
Affiliations

Knockdown resistance (kdr)-associated organochlorine resistance in mosquito-borne diseases (Culex pipiens): A systematic review and meta-analysis

Ebrahim Abbasi et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Background: Culex pipiens is the vector of a large number of pathogens in humans. Use of insecticides to deal with this vector is the most important way to controlling it. However, in recent decades, resistance to insecticides has been reported in this vector. One of the main insecticides used to fight this vector is organochlorine insecticides. Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Knockdown resistance (kdr) in Culex pipiens against organochlorine insecticides.

Methods: This study was conducted via systematic review and meta-analysis approach in the field of kdr prevalence in Culex pipiens against organochlorine insecticides. Accordingly, during the search in the scientific databases PubMed, Web of Science, Biooan.org, Embase, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar without time limit until the end of November 2023, all related articles were extracted and analyzed. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using random and fixed effects model in the meta-analysis, Cochran's test, I 2 index, and meta-regression by STATA software version 17.

Results: seven studies with a sample size of 2029 Culex pipiens were included in the meta-analysis process. Based on the findings, the kdr resistance prevalence against Deltamethrin, Malathion, Permethrin, and DDT insecticides was estimated as 30.6 %, 42 %, 17.9 %, and 76.3 % respectively. Among them, the highest resistance was observed to DDT and the lowest to Permethrin.

Conclusion: Based on the findings, a large proportion of Culex pipiens mosquitoes were resistant to DDT insecticide. However, this vector was highly sensitive to Deltamethrin, Malathion, and Permethrin insecticides. Given the different resistance ratios in different regions of the world, it is recommended to conduct studies on the prevalence of kdr in Culex pipiens.

Keywords: Culex pipiens; Knockdown resistance; Organochlorine insecticide; Systematic study of reviews and meta-analysis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Image 1
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The PRISMA flow diagram.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Forest plots of the mortality rate Culex pipiens exposed to Deltamethrin and 95 % confidence interval based on the random effects model in meta-analysis.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Forest plots of mortality rate Culex pipiens exposed to Malathion and 95 % confidence interval based on the random effects model in meta-analysis.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Forest plots of mortality rate Culex pipiens exposed to Permethrin and 95 % confidence interval based on the random effects model in meta-analysis.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Forest plots of mortality rate Culex pipiens exposed to DDT and 95 % confidence interval based on the random effects model in meta-analysis.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Funnel plot of the mortality rate Culex pipiens in the selected studies.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Meta regression plot of the mortality rate Culex pipiens of exposed to Permethrin based the study year.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Bhattacharya S., Basu P., Sajal Bhattacharya C. The southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus: profile of a smart vector. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2016;4:73–81.
    1. Weissenböck H., Hubálek Z., Bakonyi T., Nowotny N. Zoonotic mosquito-borne flaviviruses: worldwide presence of agents with proven pathogenicity and potential candidates of future emerging diseases. Vet. Microbiol. 2010;140:271–280. - PubMed
    1. Brown H.E., Childs J.E., Diuk-Wasser M.A., Fish D. Ecologic factors associated with West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008;14:1539. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yadouléton A., Badirou K., Agbanrin R., Jöst H., Attolou R., Srinivasan R., Padonou G., Akogbéto M. Insecticide resistance status in Culex quinquefasciatus in Benin. Parasites Vectors. 2015;8:1–6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Farajollahi A., Fonseca D.M., Kramer L.D., Kilpatrick A.M. “Bird biting” mosquitoes and human disease: a review of the role of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in epidemiology. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2011;11:1577–1585. - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources