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. 2025 Jan 21:12:93-106.
doi: 10.2147/JHC.S477141. eCollection 2025.

Risk and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mexican Americans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Rikita I Hatia  1 , Lu-Yu Hwang  2 , Ruosha Li  3 , Catherine Troisi  4 , Prasun K Jalal  5 , Christopher I Amos  6 , Henry F Gomez  1 , Yun Shin Chun  7 , Asif Rashid  8 , Ahmed O Kaseb  9 , Paul A Scheet  1 , Manal M Hassan  1
Affiliations

Risk and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mexican Americans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Rikita I Hatia et al. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. .

Abstract

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) disproportionately affects Hispanic persons with higher age-specific incidence and increased mortality rates compared to non-Hispanic Whites. These high rates of incidence and mortality may be explained by the variation in risk factors. Given the high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) among the Hispanic population, we aimed to assess the risk and prognosis of HCC in Mexican Americans with type 2 DM with consideration of treatment for DM.

Methods: A case-control study of 241 Mexican American HCC patients and 500 healthy controls in Texas was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between type 2 DM and HCC risk while adjusting for other risk factors. Also, a restricted analysis of patients with type 2 DM was conducted to determine the effects of age at onset and duration of DM on HCC risk. Interactions among DM, heavy alcohol consumption, and viral hepatitis infection were examined. Overall survival was examined, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed for HCC patients with type 2 DM.

Results: The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for DM was 2.74 (P < 0.01). Compared with patients who had DM for 2-10 years, those who had it for at least 20 years had an AOR of 4.60 (P = 0.04). Metformin use was associated with a reduced risk of death in HCC cases with type 2 DM, with a hazard ratio of 0.72 (P = 0.01) as compared with non-users.

Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that type 2 DM was independently associated with increased risk of HCC among Mexican Americans. Metformin use was associated with improved survival among HCC patients with type 2 DM. Type 2 DM significantly increased the risk of HCC alone and in conjunction with other parameters of metabolic syndrome in the Mexican American population after adjusting for other risk factors.

Keywords: Mexican Americans; diabetes mellitus; hepatocellular carcinoma; interactions; metformin.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Proportion of major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among case patients (HCC cases; n=241) according to presence of pathologically or radiologically confirmed cirrhosis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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