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. 2025 Jan 10:16:1498756.
doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1498756. eCollection 2024.

Global, regional, national epidemiology and trends of Parkinson's disease from 1990 to 2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Yuanrong Luo  1 , Lichun Qiao  2 , Miaoqian Li  2 , Xinyue Wen  2 , Wenbin Zhang  3 , Xianwen Li  4
Affiliations

Global, regional, national epidemiology and trends of Parkinson's disease from 1990 to 2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Yuanrong Luo et al. Front Aging Neurosci. .

Abstract

Aims: In light of the escalating global incidence of Parkinson's disease and the dearth of therapeutic interventions that can alter the disease's course, there exists an urgent necessity to comprehensively elucidate and quantify the disease's global burden.

Methods: This study analyzed the incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of Parkinson's disease at global, regional, and national levels based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Bayesian age-period cohort (BAPC) analysis was used to predict the burden in Parkinson's disease from 2022 to 2035.

Results: In 2021, 11.77 million people worldwide had Parkinson's disease. Age-standardized rates of incidence, prevalence, and DALYs increased to 15.63/100,000, 138.63/100,000, and 89.59/100,000. The burden of Parkinson's disease were higher in males than in females, and showed an increase and then a slight decrease with age. The disease burden was highest in East Asia. BAPC projection showed an increase in all metrics by 2035 except for a slight decrease in the age-standardized DALYs rates.

Conclusion: The global burden of Parkinson's disease has risen over the past 32 years, and there is a need to focus on key populations, as well as to improve health policies to prevent and treat Parkinson's disease.

Keywords: DALYs; Global Burden of Disease Study; Parkinson’s disease; disability-adjusted life years; population aging.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The ASRs (per 100,000 population) of Parkinson’s disease at the national level in 2021. (A) ASIR. (B) ASPR. (C) ASDR. ASRs, age-standardized rates; ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate; ASPR, age-standardized prevalence rate; ASDR, age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The EAPCs of ASRs of Parkinson’s disease at the national level from 1990 to 2021. (A) EAPC of ASIR. (B) EAPC of ASPR. (C) EAPC of ASDR. EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; ASRs, age-standardized rates; ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate; ASPR, age-standardized prevalence rate; ASDR, age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Correlation between SDI and ASRs of Parkinson’s disease at the regional level. (A) ASIR (r = 0.4219, p = 0.000×100). (B) ASPR (r = 0.5337, p = 0.000×100). (C) ASDR (r = 0.1041, p = 5.721×10−3. SDI, Socio-demographic Index; ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate; ASPR, age-standardized prevalence rate; ASDR, age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Correlation between SDI and ASRs of Parkinson’s disease at the national level in 2021. (A) ASIR (r = 0.5098, p = 0.000 × 100). (B) ASPR (r = 0.6689, p = 0.000 × 100). (C) ASDR (r = 0.0009, p = 9.902 × 10−1). Each colored dot above represents a country, and the line represents the average expected value based on the SDI and ASRs in 204 countries and territories. SDI, Socio-demographic Index; ASRs, age-standardized rates; ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate; ASPR, age-standardized prevalence rate; ASDR, age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The global disease burden of Parkinson’s disease by age and sex in 2021. (A) Incident case and incidence rate. (B) Prevalent cases and prevalence rate. (C) DALYs number and DALYs rate. Error bars and shadow bands indicate 95% uncertainty intervals. DALYs, disability-adjusted life years.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Evaluate the effects of population growth, aging, and epidemiological shifts on Parkinson’s disease prevalence from 1990 to 2021.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The projection of burden of Parkinson’s disease globally from 2022 to 2035. (A) Incident case. (B) ASIR. (C) Prevalent case. (D) ASIR. (E) DALYs number. (F) ASIR. DALYs, disability-adjusted life years; ASRs, age-standardized rates; ASPR, age-standardized prevalence rate; ASDR, age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate.
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