Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2025 Jan 13:11:1434149.
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1434149. eCollection 2024.

Risk factors for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis

Xin Miao  1   2 , Lixing Wu  3 , Kuiyue Wang  4 , Yuhan Wang  1 , Linlin Zhang  1
Affiliations
Review

Risk factors for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis

Xin Miao et al. Front Cardiovasc Med. .

Abstract

Background: Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary heart disease; CHD) is the leading cause of death in women worldwide, and the number of patients and deaths is increasing each year. Approximately 3.8 million women die from CHD every year globally. After menopause, estrogen levels decrease, and the risk of cardiovascular disease increases substantially; however, research on risk factors for CHD in postmenopausal women has been inconclusive.

Objective: To systematically evaluate the risk factors for CHD in postmenopausal women.

Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, CBM, CNKI, and VIP databases were searched up to February 9, 2024, for studies on risk factors for CHD in postmenopausal women. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of the included literature. STATA17.0 software was used for meta-analysis.

Results: Nine studies involving 29,4103 patients were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that history of six or more pregnancies (hazard ratio = 1.538, 95% confidence interval: 1.241%-1.906%) was significantly associated with risk of CHD (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Multiple pregnancies are associated with CHD incidence and related mortality in postmenopausal women. In the future, more and higher quality studies are needed to further verify this conclusion.

Keywords: CHD prevention; coronary atherosclerotic heart disease; meta-a nalysis; postmenopausal women; risk factors.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of search and study selection.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Liming Y, Ying WU. Medical Nursing 7th Edition. Beijing: People’s Medical Press; (2022). p. 181.
    1. Xu KH. Menopause and cardiovascular disease. J Pract Obstet Gynecol. (1999) 4:7–8.
    1. Menopause Group, Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese Medical Association. Chinese Guidelines for menopausal management and menopausal hormone therapy (2023 edition). Chin J Obstetrics Gynecology. (2023) 58:4–5.
    1. Ley SH, Li Y, Tobias DK, Manson JE, Rosner B, Hu FB, et al. Duration of reproductive life span, age at menarche, and age at menopause are associated with risk of cardiovascular disease in women. J Am Heart Assoc. (2017) 6(11):e006713. 10.1161/JAHA.117.006713 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Newson L. Menopause and cardiovascular disease. Post Reprod Health. (2018) 24:44–9. 10.1177/2053369117749675 - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources