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. 2025 Jan 20:S1553-8389(25)00021-1.
doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2025.01.007. Online ahead of print.

Temporary mechanical circulatory support utilization and outcomes in cardiogenic shock phenotypes: A comparative analysis of heart failure and acute myocardial infarction

Laith Alhuneafat  1 , Fares Ghanem  2 , Ahmad Jabri  3 , Abdallah Naser  4 , Muhammed Ibraiz Bilal  4 , Mohannad Al Akeel  5 , Andrea Elliott  6 , Tamas Alexy  6 , Mohammad Alqarqaz  3 , Pedro Villablanca  3 , Mir Babar Basir  3
Affiliations

Temporary mechanical circulatory support utilization and outcomes in cardiogenic shock phenotypes: A comparative analysis of heart failure and acute myocardial infarction

Laith Alhuneafat et al. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. .

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is marked by substantial morbidity and mortality. The two major CS etiologies include heart failure (HF) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The utilization trends of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) and their clinical outcomes are not well described.

Methods: This study compares the rates of MCS utilization, factors associated with utilization, and clinical outcomes in patients who present with HF-CS and AMI-CS, using 2016-2020 National Inpatient Sample data.

Results: The study included 329,280 patients, comprising 204,660 cases of AMI-CS and 124,620 of HF-CS. MCS utilization increased over the study period with variable degree among devices, and CS-phenotype. AMI-CS had higher intraaortic balloon pump (32.4 % vs. 8.9 %), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (2.8 % vs. 2.4 %), and percutaneous ventricular assist device use (14.5 % vs. 8.1 %) compared to HF-CS (p < 0.01). Factors linked to lower MCS use were female sex, age over 60 years, Black race, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, previous stroke, or myocardial infarction. After adjusting for various factors, patients with HF-CS vs. AMI-CS had significantly fewer adverse outcomes, including inpatient death, stroke, tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation, and blood transfusion. However, HF-CS had higher odds of acute renal failure requiring dialysis. AMI-CS was associated with shorter hospital stays (8.8 vs. 15.0 days, p < 0.001), lower charges ($251,580 vs. $294,792, p < 0.001), and were less likely to discharge home.

Conclusion: Despite the evolving trends in MCS utilization over time, CS patients still face high morbidity and mortality rates. The underlying shock etiology has a substantial impact on outcomes, with AMI cases demonstrating worse complications. This highlights the need for a standardized approach that also takes into consideration etiology, patient-specific factors, care availability, and equitable access.

Keywords: Acute myocardial infarction; Cardiogenic shock; Heart failure; Mechanical circulatory support.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Babar Basir reports a relationship with AbioMed Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Babar Basir reports a relationship with Boston Scientific Corporation that includes: consulting or advisory. Babar Basir reports a relationship with Chiesi Pharmaceuticals Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Babar Basir reports a relationship with ZOLL Medical Corporation that includes: consulting or advisory. Tamas Alexy reports a relationship with Abbott Vascular Inc that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Tamas Alexy reports a relationship with Endotronics that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Tamas Alexy reports a relationship with scPharmaceuticals that includes: consulting or advisory. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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