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. 2025 Jan 29;15(4):2840-2849.
doi: 10.1039/d4ra05829a. eCollection 2025 Jan 23.

Efficient removal of Cr(iii) by microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Jia Qin  1   2 , Huan Cao  2 , Yang Xu  3 , Fei He  1 , Fengji Zhang  2 , Wenqiang Wang  2
Affiliations

Efficient removal of Cr(iii) by microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Jia Qin et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has emerged as a promising technique for environmental remediation, particularly for heavy metal removal. This study explores the potential of MICP for Cr(iii) removal, analyzing the effects of temperature, pH, calcium source addition, and initial Cr(iii) concentration on removal efficiency. The results show that Cr(iii) can be efficiently removed with a removal rate approaching 100% under optimal conditions (25 °C, pH 7.0, 1.0 g CaCl2). The presence of Cr(iii) induces the transformation of CaCO3 crystals from calcite to spherulitic aragonite, forming Cr-bearing carbonate compounds and hydroxides. This study provides insights into the mechanisms and optimal conditions for MICP-mediated Cr(iii) removal, highlighting its feasibility and effectiveness for large-scale environmental remediation and offering an economical and environmentally friendly solution to Cr contamination.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Standard curve of concentration and absorbance of p-nitrophenol.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Standard curve of Cr and absorbance.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation for removal of Cr(iii).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. The change in the number of OD600 under different (a) initial pH and (b) bacterial powder additions. The change in CB growth process under (c) pH and (d) OD405.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. The removal effect of Cr(iii) by MICP under different conditions. (a) Temperature; (b) pH; (c) amount of CaCl2; (d) initial Cr(iii) concentration.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. SEM images of substrates with different Cr(iii) concentrations. (a) CB + Ca; (b) CB + Ca + 1000Cr; (c) CB + Ca + 3000Cr.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. EDS of CB + Ca + 3000Cr.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. XRD patterns of substrates with different Cr(iii) concentrations. The Cr(iii) concentrations are 0, 500, 1000, 1500, and 3000 mg L−1.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. FT-IR spectra of substrates with different Cr(iii) concentrations. The Cr(iii) concentrations are 0, 500, 1000, 1500, and 3000 mg L−1.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10. XPS spectra of the substrate at a Cr(iii) concentration of 1000 mg L−1. (a) C 1s; (b) O 1s; (c) Ca 2p; (d) Cr 2p.
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